7. Three forces that
are reshaping the
Planet
The Anthopocene
Planetary Boundaries
“The Great Acceleration
Political shifts towards
networked forms of governance
Mass-Self Communication
Information Revolution
8. What are the long term institutional and
organizational implications of information
technology in the Anthropocene?
Mass Self-CommunicationDecreasing costs for
information
9.
10.
11. Bubonic Plage, Surat (India)1994
In 1994 the spread of bubonic plague
in the city of Surat deaths of 57
people, significant economic
losses, and social and political
effects. Over 300,000 people
deserted the city (in two days!)
13. Development of web crawler GPHIN
at Health Canada (1995)
ProMED - moderated e-mail list
hosted by the International Society
for Infectious Diseases (1994).
15. PNEUMONIA - CHINA (GUANGDONG): RFI
**********************************
Date: 10 Feb 2003
From: Stephen O. Cunnion, MD, PhD, MPH
<cunnion@erols.com>
This morning I received this e-mail and then searched your
archives
and found nothing that pertained to it. Does anyone know
anything
about this problem?
"Have you heard of an epidemic in Guangzhou? An
acquaintance of mine
from a teacher's chat room lives there and reports that the
hospitals there have been closed and people are dying."
--
Stephen O. Cunnion, MD, PhD, MPH
International Consultants in Health, Inc
Member ASTM&H, ISTM
<cunnion@erols.com>
16. “All of the sudden, we had a very powerful system that
brought in much more information from more countries, and
we where able to go to countries confidentially and validate
what was going on, and if they needed help, we provided help.
And we provided help by bringing together many different
institutions from around the world that started to work with
us.”
19. Supernetworks
“Networks of Networks” - interconnected at
multiple levels; information technology plays a key
role; complex system
Global supply chain networks, financial networks,
knowledge networks and power grids
(Nagurney et al 2006).
20. There is a bigger "networks of networks" […]. In GOARN
you have CDC, MSF and Red Cross.Which you also have in
the different coordination groups for meningitis vaccine and
yellow fever vaccine. Or in global polio eradication.These
are enormous, but some are very small and, you would
bring in the global influenza with laboratories and national
influenza centers. But that is the “network of networks”
which has no substance, no defined substance. It's there,
the function, but in a highly chaotic, very undefined way.
Patrick Drury, GOARN/WHO.
21. Southern Cone EID
Surveillance Network
Asian Rotavirus
Surveillance Network
European Centre for
Disease Control,
EpiNorth
US-CDC
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)
over 120 actors and others!
22. International Institutions
international agreements, conventions, rules governing the
activities of the members of international society (Young).
Global Networks
globally spanning information sharing and collaboration
patterns between organizations, including governmental
and/or non-governmental actors (Galaz 2014).
Polycentric coordination
self-organizing relationship between many centers of
decision-making that are formally independent of each
other (Galaz 2014)
25. David wanted to take the GPHIN business and what WHO
was doing, and develop a "network of networks".These would
be highly unformalized, highly unstructured, as chaotic as
possible, because if we allowed it to coagulate or set down at
any part of the WHO, the apparatus of the organization, […]
would start to drag it down […].All of these rules would just
slow down what was trying to be done.
Patrick Drury, GOARN/WHO
26. We have the international level, the WHO and the FAO.And at
the national level we try to bring together agriculture and
human health ministries. […] group involves academics, and a
few key people in the agencies, such as Stephan from the FAO,
Pierre […] from the WHO, OIE […].You have focal points in
the agencies, and you have focal points in NASA, and from 4 or
5 different universities.
Jan Slingerbergh EMPRES/FAO
That network is a little bit loosely defined, but flexible and
effective, you know.When there is the need, everybody jumps
in to action. I think the way it works is highly commendable
perhaps, because it’s not fringed or wrapped up in an
organizational structure. People just make it work because
they know each other.And it’s not a larger group to get lost
in, the flexibility is there. I believe this is key to the success.
27. Wouldn’t it be great if we actually
could map these networks?
Hyperlink analysis of major players in EID early warning and
response
NOTE: Illustration!
31. Q:What if you are facing some uncertainty of the disease? How
do you coordinate your networks?
A: Each time we have a suspecting case of fever, or something
very wrong, the first thing we do, is that we contact WHO.
Immediately. […]. So there is immediate collaboration, so we
call them and "send you the sample with the first plane”, or
the first car or whatever. So,“please go on with your
laboratory and tell us what's going on".That is systematic.
Q: So that is not formalized?
No, no, but it's not personal.WHO knows that we will always
call them if we are suspecting things or something is very
bizarre.
Dan Sermand, MSF
32. Formal
within organization rules, budget, responsibility
between organizations - partnerships,
memorandum of understanding, etc
Informal
social networks, linked through institutional role
+ personal history
35. Collective Intelligence - large,
distributed problem solving through
information and communication
technology. Distributed activity is
emergent and collective, rather than
orchestrated.
36. Adhoc Virtual Network for SARS
Etiology
13 laboratories in 9 countries
Daily telephone conferences
“The good thing is that it isn’t
flu. Then well, what is it?”
38. How Decreasing Costs of Information
Processing and Mass Self-Communication
Support Adaptive Governance
Supernetworks and Collective intelligence
They build on the combination btw ICT and social
networks and polycentric order.
39.
40. ocean acidification
climate change
marine biodiversity
Strategic selection of 20
interviews with key
policy actors at the
international level
Galaz et al. 2011, Ecological Economics
Existing international
partnership
Theoretical approach:
‘polycentric
governance’, network
theory
44. FAO
UNDP
OECD
World Bank
Evolving network, with patterns of information sharing,
coordination, and conflict resolution.Affected by changes in
complex institutional setting (climate, biodiversity, marine
regimes)
45. Main conclusions
Evolving coordination patterns, emphasis on
information sharing + lobbying -> tension
Highly centralized to 3 core international
organizations
Increasing degree of formalization
Negative institutional interactions
Galaz et al. 2011, Ecological Economics
