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Sem6 up
- 1. What is language, anyway?
- 2. The Word • SYMBOL (or SIGN): Sound, writing etc • GENERAL MEANING (or CONCEPT or SENSE) • OBJECT (or ACTION etc)
- 3. The Word • SIGN • THOUGHT • THING
- 5. Language as CREATION • Hindu myth: • God wanted to speak • God said bhur and the Earth was created • God said bhuvar and Space was created • God said suvar and Sky was created
- 6. Language as CREATION • The Bible • In the beginning was the Word • And the Word was with God • And the Word was God
- 7. Language as CREATION • Let there be light! • Let there be animals! • Let there be sea! • Etc
- 9. Language as CREATION • The Declaration of Independence • アメリカ独立宣言 • Create a principle of equality
- 10. Language as CREATION • I hereby name this ship Johnny • Creates a name • I hereby declare this meeting open/closed • Creates a situation
- 11. The word “horse”
- 12. The meaning of horse
- 13. The actual horse
- 14. horse PHON
- 17. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN
- 20. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [ ] VAL
- 22. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner]
- 23. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner]
- 24. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner]
- 25. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner]
- 26. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM
- 27. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM ??????
- 28. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM [identity of referent (actual thing)
- 29. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM [identity of referent + general meaning ]
- 30. Horse PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM [identity of referent + general meaning ]
- 31. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM [identity of referent + general meaning ]
- 32. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM
- 33. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM ID GENERAL MEANING
- 34. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM ID
- 35. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX
- 36. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X
- 37. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX Y
- 38. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX Z
- 39. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX 1
- 40. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX 2
- 41. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X
- 42. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX 3rd Person Singular
- 43. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X
- 44. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X
- 45. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X FRAMES
- 46. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X FRAMES: GENERAL MEANING
- 47. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Horse-Frame
- 48. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Horse-Frame Entity X
- 49. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Horse-Frame Entity X X = 3rd Person, Singular
- 50. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Horse-Frame Entity X
- 51. PHON /hɔːs/ SYN CAT [noun] VAL [Determiner] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Horse-Frame Entity X >
- 52. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ CASE [ ]] VAL [ ] SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 53. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ ]] VAL [ ] SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 54. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ nom ]] VAL [ ] SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 55. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ nom ]] VAL [ ???? ] SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 56. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ nom ]] VAL [ ] SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 57. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ nom ]] VAL [ ] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 58. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ nom ]] VAL [ ] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < female –Frame Entity >
- 59. PHON /ʃiː/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ nom ]] VAL [ ] SEM INDEX X FRAMES < female –Frame Entity X >
- 60. PHON /hɪm/ SYN CAT [ CASE [ ]] VAL < > SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 61. PHON /hɪm/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ acc ]] VAL < > SEM INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y >
- 62. PHON /sliːps/ SYN CAT [ ] VAL <NP[CASE ] X= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame Entity >
- 63. PHON /sliːps/ SYN CAT [ ? ] VAL <NP[CASE ? ] X= PER:? NUM: ? > SEM INDEX ?? ? FRAMES < ? –Frame Entity ?? >
- 64. PHON /sliːps/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom] X= PER: 3 NUM:sing> SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Sleeping–Frame Entity X >
- 65. PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ ] VAL <NP[CASE ] X= PER: NUM: , NP[CASE ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame >SEER SEEN
- 66. PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ ] VAL <NP[CASE ] X= PER: NUM: , NP[CASE ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX FRAMES < –Frame >SEER SEEN
- 67. PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ ? ] VAL <NP[CASE ? ] X= PER:? NUM: ? , NP[CASE ? ] Y= PER: ? NUM:? > SEM INDEX ? FRAMES < ? –Frame >SEER SEEN ? ?
- 68. PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X= PER:3 NUM: 1 , NP[CASE acc ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y
- 70. Language as CREATION • Hindu myth: • God wanted to speak • God said bhur and the Earth was created • God said bhuvar and Space was created • God said suvar and Sky was created
- 71. Language as CREATION • The Bible • In the beginning was the Word • And the Word was with God • And the Word was God
- 72. Language as CREATION • Let there be light! • Let there be animals! • Let there be sea! • Etc
- 74. PHON /hɪm/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ acc ]] VAL < > SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity X > The Word creates an individual Or object Or individual In the listener’s mind
- 75. PHON /hɪm/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ acc ]] VAL < > SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity X > The Word IS LIKE an individual Or object Or individual
- 76. PHON /hɪm/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ acc ]] VAL < > SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity X > The Word IS an individual Or object Or individual
- 77. The word as CREATION PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X= PER:3 NUM: 1 , NP[CASE acc ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y
- 78. The word creates a situation PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X= PER:3 NUM: 1 , NP[CASE acc ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y
- 79. The word IS LIKE a situation PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X= PER:3 NUM: 1 , NP[CASE acc ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y
- 80. The word ISa situation PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X= PER:3 NUM: 1 , NP[CASE acc ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y
- 81. The word as CREATION • A word IS a thing? • A word IS an individual? • A word IS an action? • A phrase IS a thing? • A phrase IS a situation? • A sentence IS a situation? • Maybe I’m crazy?
- 82. Language as CREATION • Hindu myth: • God wanted to speak • God said bhur and the Earth was created • God said bhuvar and Space was created • God said suvar and Sky was created
- 83. Language as CREATION • The Bible • In the beginning was the Word • And the Word was with God • And the Word was God
- 84. Language as CREATION • Unicorn • The unicorn • Friend • Your friend • Playing • Playing tennis • The unicorn was playing tennis with your friend in the hotel room
- 85. • Don’t we EXPERIENCE language as a REAL THING? • Or am I crazy?? • Anyway… • …how does it work?
- 86. Chomsky
- 87. The cleverest person in the world!
- 88. Very difficult to understand!
- 89. One rule for language!
- 90. What’s the rule?
- 91. Merge
- 92. What’s merge?
- 93. Very difficult!
- 94. The most difficult rule in the universe!
- 97. apple
- 98. applepen
- 100. apple-pen • But what is an apple-pen? • Is it an apple? • No • Is it a pen? • No • It’s an apple-pen • But what is an apple-pen?
- 101. apple-pen • Is an apple-pen …. • … more like an apple … • … or more like a pen?
- 104. father
- 105. fathermother
- 106. fathermother you
- 107. But what is a You? • Are you your mother? • No • Are you your father? • No • Are you more like your mother or your father?
- 110. pen
- 111. pena
- 112. pena a pen
- 115. Pen noun
- 117. Pen 名詞 A 限定詞
- 119. 名詞限定詞 名詞句
- 121. OK, so let’s merge
- 122. himsees
- 125. MERGE PHON PHON /siːz/ PHON /hɪm/
- 126. MERGE PHON PHON /siːz/ PHON /hɪm/ PHON /siːz hɪm /
- 127. MERGE SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y SEMANTICS OF “sees”
- 128. MERGE SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y SEMANTICS OF “sees” INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > SEMANTICS OF “him”
- 129. MERGE SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y SEMANTICS OF “sees” INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > SEMANTICS OF “him” NOTICE the Ys are merging already. WHY?
- 130. PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X= PER:3 NUM: 1 , NP[CASE acc ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y VALENCY and SEM SPECS
- 131. MERGE SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y SEMANTICS OF “sees” INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > SEMANTICS OF “him”
- 132. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y >
- 133. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE MERGE SEMANTIC INFO?
- 134. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX ? FRAMES < >????????
- 135. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX ? FRAMES < >???????? WHAT KIND OF INDEX FOR “sees him”?
- 136. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX ? FRAMES < >???????? INDEX identifies as a situation or individual
- 137. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX ? FRAMES < >???????? Is “sees him” more like an individual or a situation?
- 138. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < >???????? Probably a situation
- 139. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < >???????? How about Frames?
- 140. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < >???????? Well FRAMES is a list
- 141. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < >???????? FRAMES is a list of general meanings
- 142. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < >???????? So we can keep both
- 143. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN
- 144. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN
- 145. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN Male –Frame Entity Y
- 146. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN Male –Frame Entity Y ,
- 147. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN Male –Frame Entity Y , “sees him” Identity as a situation from the DOMINANT (Stronger) PARENT
- 148. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN Male –Frame Entity Y , “sees him” General meaning (FRAMES) from BOTH PARENTS
- 149. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN Male –Frame Entity Y , “sees” “him” “sees him”
- 150. Isn’t this fun?! • In MERGE … • Sound (PHONOLOGICAL) info comes from both parents equally • General meaning (FRAMES) info comes from both parents equally • But the identity (INDEX) comes from the dominant parent
- 151. INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y INDEX Y FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity Y > INDEX S FRAMES < > Seeing –Frame X Y SEER SEEN Male –Frame Entity Y , “sees” “him” “sees him”
- 152. What about Grammar (SYNTAX)?
- 153. verbverb verb phrase Well, we kind of expect SYNTAX to come mostly from one DOMINANT parent, right?
- 154. PHON /siːz/ SYN CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X= PER:3 NUM: 1 , NP[CASE acc ] Y= PER: NUM: > SEM INDEX S FRAMES < Seeing –Frame >SEER SEEN X Y
- 155. PHON /hɪm/ SYN CAT [ noun CASE [ acc ]] VAL < > SEM INDEX X FRAMES < Male –Frame Entity X >
- 156. SYNTAX for “sees” CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y>
- 157. SYNTAX for “him” CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y> CAT [noun [CASE acc]] VAL < >
- 158. SYNTAX for “ sees him”? CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y> CAT [noun [CASE acc]] VAL < >
- 159. What do you think? CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y> CAT [noun [CASE acc]] VAL < >
- 160. CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y> CAT [noun [CASE acc]] VAL < > SYNTAX of “sees him”
- 161. CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y> CAT [noun [CASE acc]] VAL < > CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y> Exactly the same as the SYNTAX of the verb …
- 162. CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X, NP[CASE acc ] Y> CAT [noun [CASE acc]] VAL < > CAT [ verb ] VAL <NP[CASE nom ] X> … minus the object in the VALENCY list