2. Clarifying Objectives
n Setting realistic goals
n Identification and clarification of associated
objectives:
– knowledge
– skills
– dispositions
3. Motivating Students
n manipulating materials and activities to
arouse interest
n engaging in goal setting procedure with the
students
n manipulating rewards and competition
n providing knowledge of progress
4. Supplying a Model
n persons as role models
n verbal descriptions
n audio visual models
n supplying a working model to eliminate
needless trial and error
5. Sequencing the Subject Matter
n logical organization
n psychological organization to facilitate
learning
6. Guiding Initial Trials
n establishment of correct responses
n avoidance of habitual errors
n aids pupil in understanding nature of
satisfactory performance
7. Managing Practice Effectively
n laboratory and clinical experiences
n not merely repeating same exercise
n essential to goal attainment in psycho-motor
and cognitive areas
n a teacher can manipulate whole-part
approaches
8. Helping Students Apply Knowledge
n many specific examples
n skillful use of non-examples to evaluate
transfer
9. Providing for Individual Differences
n group students by ability
n improving materials
n sequencing the instruction
10. Assessing Student Work
n help in reinforcing desirable learning
n provide encouragement
n provide yardstick to measure goals
