1. Realism: believes in the world as it is. It is based on the view that reality is what we observe. It believes
that truth is what we sense and observe and that goodness is found in the order of the laws of nature.
As a result, schools exist to reveal the order of the world and universe. Students are taught factual
information.
Nature:
Advocates that values are dependent upon the attitudes of the sentiment beings experiencing
them.
Believe that investigating and reasoning are important in any effective adjustment to the real
world in the control of experiences.
Assumption
The primary qualities of experience exist in the physical world.
Mind is like a mirror receiving images from the physical world.
The mind of a child at birth is similar to a blank sheet of paper upon which the world proceeds
to write its impressions.
Nature is a primaryself evident reality, a starting point in philosophizing.
Consciousness is not a substance, it is an awareness of experience and experience is a medium
in which objects and organism are related.
Key Proponents:
Aristotle
Harris Broudy
John Locke
John Comenius
Johann Henrich Pestalozzi
Jean Jacques Rosseau
Educational Aim
Gives direction and form to individual’s basic potentialities.
Determines the direction of the individual’s inherited tendencies.
Provide an education that could produce a good individual and a good society by meeting 4
principal needs of an individual:
1. Aptitiude needs
2. Self determination needs
3. Self realization needs
4. Self integration needs.
Curricular Emphasis
Combination of subject matter and problem centered concepts or real problems towards
acquisition of desirable habits.
Study habits

2. Research skills
Library skills
Evaluation
Observation
Experimentation
Analytical and Critical thinking
Application of Principles
Effective use of words
Habit of enjoyment
Subject Areas
Natural Science
Social Science
Arts
Poetry
Literature
Biography
Teaching Methods:
Scientific Methods
Character Development
Training in rules of conduct.
Role of Teachers:
Help the students realize irresistible necessity of earth’s physical forces.
Help develop initiative and ability to control their experiences.
Help realize that they can enter into the meaning of their experiences.
The students would be taught factual information for mastery
Role of School
Further develop discipline
Utilize pupil activity through instruction
Speak with authority
Regard the pupil as more superior than other objects.
Change in the school would be perceived as a natural evolution toward perfection of order.
Relation to Pragmatism
……..
Relation to Perennialism
……….

3. Pragmatism is primarily an American philosophy, although its roots go back to Greek thinking.
Pragmatist is primarily conceived with the knowledge process, the relationship of ideas to action.
Basically, this concerns with the method of reflective thinking.
Nature
Encourage people to find processes that work in order to attain desired goals.
The doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge, meaning and value.
Conservative
Assumption
The world is uncertatin and incomplete. It allows a room for improvement.
Past is a potential instrumentality for dealing with the future,
Experience is not primarily an affair in knowing but is incidental in the process of acting, doing
and living
Sensation is not merely a gateway but the avenue of active relation with the world.
Key Proponents:
John Dewey
Charles Sanders Peirce
William James
Richard Rorty
Educational Aim
For social efficiency
Train the students to continuously and actively quest for information and productionof new
ideas needed t adjust an ever changing society
Subjects are interdisciplinary
Academic and vocational disciplines
1. Mathematics
2. Science
3. History
4. Reading
5. Music
6. Arts or metal works
Teaching Methods
Experimental Methods
Steps:
1. Statement of the problem
2. Hypothesizing
3. Investigating or data gathering
4. Testing Hypothesis
5. Forming conclusions
Other methods
1. Creative and constructive projects
2. Field Trips

4. 3. Laboratory work
4. Library work
Activity centered
Pupil centered
Opportunity to practice democratic ideals
Character development
Making group decisions in light of consequences
Role of Teachers
Keeps order in the class
Facilitates group work
Role of School
A miniature society
Gives child balance and genuine experience in preparation for democratic living
Place where ideas are tested, implemented and restructured
Relationship to Perenniealism
……
Relationship to Realism