chemistry

2. To our presentation of
class VIII

3. Chemistry Group Work

4. PPrreesseennttss…………

5. 1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONTENT
-WATER POLLUTION
-AIR POLLUTION
-CONSERVING METHODS OF WATER
3. CONCLUSION

6. INTRODUCTION
Life is existing on earth because of:-
• The presence of air, water, soil, and minerals are
presentation the earth. they are required by living things.
• The right temperature on earth which is suitable for life to
exist.
 plants need carbon dioxide ,water, minerals and sunlight
to exist.
 Animals require oxygen,water,and food to survive
All these requiring things are now being polluted by
humans.Here,we are going to learn more about the
pollution of air and water, since all living things mainly
need air and water.

7. CONTENCONTEN
TT

8. AIR POLLUTION

9. What Is Air Pollution?
• Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules,
or other harmful materials into the Earth's atmosphere, possibly
causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms
such as food crops, or the natural or built environment.
• The atmosphere is a complex natural gaseous system that is essential
to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to
air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health as well
as to the Earth's ecosystems.
• Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the
world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute
World's Worst Polluted Places report. According to the 2014 WHO
report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million
people worldwide.

10. POLLUTANTS
An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse
effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be
solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of
natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as
primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually
produced from a process, such as ash from a volcanic
eruption. Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from
motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from
factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly.
Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or
interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a
secondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be both primary
and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed
from other primary pollutants

11. Major primary pollutants produced by
human activity include:
• Sulfur oxides (SOx) - particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with
the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial
processes. Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their
combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in
the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain.[2]
This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the
use of these fuels as power sources.
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are
expelled from high temperature combustion, and are also produced
during thunderstorms by electric discharge. They can be seen as a brown
haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a
chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of several nitrogen
oxides. One of the most prominent air pollutants, this reddish-brown toxic
gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor.
• Carbon monoxide (CO) - CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic yet non-irritating
gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas,
coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.

12. • Volatile organic compounds - vocs are a well-known outdoor air pollutant.
They are categorized as either methane (ch4) or non-methane (nmvocs).
Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to
enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon vocs are also significant
greenhouse gases because of their role in creating ozone and prolonging the
life of methane in the atmosphere. This effect varies depending on local air
quality. The aromatic nmvocs benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected
carcinogens and may lead to leukemia with prolonged exposure. 1,3-
butadiene is another dangerous compound often associated with industrial
use.
• Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (pm), atmospheric
particulate matter, or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid
suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to combined particles and gas.
Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms,
forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities,
such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various
industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged
worldwide, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—
currently account for approximately 10 percent of our atmosphere. Increased
levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart
disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.

13. • Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles are linked to
cardiopulmonary disease.
• Toxic metals, such as lead and mercury, especially their compounds.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products
are currently banned from use. These are gases which are released from air
conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, etc. CFC's on being released into the air
rises to stratosphere. Here they come in contact with other gases and damage the
ozone layer. This allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth's surface. This
can lead to skin cancer, disease to eye and can even cause damage to plants.
• Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound
with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic
pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of
terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.
Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of
many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and
hazardous. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur
to form secondary particles.
• Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
• Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war
explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.

14. Secondary pollutants include:
• Particulates created from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in
photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution. Classic smog results
from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of
smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal
but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the
atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants
that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical
smog.
• Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key
constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of
certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer.
Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the
chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At
abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities
(largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of
smog.
• Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.

15. Minor air pollutants include:
• A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants are regulated in USA
under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive
• A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to
particulates
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant
to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic
processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the
environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in
human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have
potentially significant impacts on human health and the environment

16. Sources
There are various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for releasing
pollutants into the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major
categories.
Anthropogenic (man-made) sources:
• These are mostly related to the burning of multiple types of fuel.
• Stationary sources include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities
(factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-
burning heating devices. In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass
burning is the major source of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood,
crop waste and dung.
• Mobile sources include motor vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft.
• Controlled burn practices in agriculture and forest management. Controlled or
prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming,
prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part of both
forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for foresters.
Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirable forest trees, thus
renewing the forest.

17. Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and
other solvents
Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.
Methane is highly flammable and may form explosive
mixtures with air. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may
displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Asphyxia or
suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is
reduced to below 19.5% by displacement.
Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases,
germ warfare and rocketry

18.  Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with few or no vegetation
 Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example; cattle
 Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Radon is a colorless,
odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the
decay of radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural
sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the
basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after
cigarette smoking.
 Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of VOCs
on warmer days. These VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutants—
specifically, NOx, SO2, and anthropogenic organic carbon compounds — to
produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants. Black gum, poplar, oak and
willow are some examples of vegetation that can produce abundant VOCs. The
VOC production from these species result in ozone levels up to eight times
higher than the low-impact tree species.
 Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates
 Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires
Wild firein Georgia

19. Emission factors
• Air pollutant emission factors are representative values that people
attempt to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the ambient air
with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These
factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit
weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant
(e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per tonne of coal burned). Such
factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air
pollution. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available
data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be
representative of long-term averages.
• There are 12 compounds in the list of POPs. Dioxins and furans are two of
them and intentionally created by combustion of organics, like open
burning of plastics. The POPs are also endocrine disruptors and can
mutate the human genes.
• The United States Environmental Protection Agency has published a
compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a multitude of industrial
sources. The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and many other countries
have published similar compilations, as well as the European Environment
Agency.

20. Indoor air quality (IAQ)
• A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend
the majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth
in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including
carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. Lead paint can degenerate into
dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air
fresheners, incense, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and
fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside
and out. Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other
chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation.
• Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents
and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors. Chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning can result even from poorly-adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all
domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas and hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors.
Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry
cleaning.

21. • Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of
asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a
potentially very dangerous material in many localities. Asbestosis is a chronic
inflammatory medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. It occurs
after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing
materials in structures. Sufferers have severe dyspnea (shortness of breath)
and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of lung cancer.
As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care
should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), these may defined as;
asbestosis, lung cancer, and Peritoneal Mesothelioma (generally a very rare
form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with
prolonged exposure to asbestos).
• Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and
airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute
skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and
furniture produce enzymes and micrometer-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants
emit methane, mold forms on walls and generates mycotoxins and spores, air
conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires' disease and mold, and
houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen, dust, and
mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to
accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature.

22. Health Effects
Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of health conditions
including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung
cancer. The health effects caused by air pollution may include difficulty in
breathing, wheezing, coughing, asthma and worsening of existing
respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased
medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital
admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air
quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory
system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air
pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the
degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and genetics.The
most common sources of air pollution include particulates, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Children aged less than five years
that live in developing countries are the most vulnerable population in
terms of total deaths attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution.

23. Effects of Air pollution
• 1. Respiratory and heart problems: The effects of Air pollution are alarming. They
are known to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer,
among other threats to the body. Several millions are known to have died due to
direct or indirect effects of Air pollution. Children in areas exposed to air
pollutants are said to commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.
• 2. Global warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the
world is witnessing due to Global warming. With increased temperatures world
wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs,
displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if
actions for preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken soon.
• 3. Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into
the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water
droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the
ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to human,
animals and crops.
• 4. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen
present in some pollutants gets developed on sea’s surface and turns itself into
algae and and adversely affect fish, plants and animal species. The green colored
algae that is present on lakes and ponds is due to presence of this chemical only.

24. • 5. Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some
devastating affects of air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in
the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and
change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the
surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.
• 6. Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth’s
stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from
harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting
due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro
chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go
thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause
skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the
capability to affect crops.

25. Regulations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +
Risk: Low (1-3) Moderate (4-6) High (7-10) Very high (above 10)
As it is now known that even low levels of air pollution can
trigger discomfort for the sensitive population, the index has
been developed as a continuum: The higher the number, the
greater the health risk and need to take precautions. The index
describes the level of health risk associated with this number as
'low', 'moderate', 'high' or 'very high', and suggests steps that can
be taken to reduce exposure.

26. Health
Risk
Air
Quality
Health
Index
Health Messages
At Risk population General Population
Low 1-3
Enjoy your usual outdoor
activities.
Ideal air quality for outdoor
activities
Moderate 4-6
Consider reducing or
rescheduling strenuous
activities outdoors if you are
experiencing symptoms.
No need to modify your usual
outdoor activities unless you
experience symptoms such as
coughing and throat irritation.
High 7-10
Reduce or reschedule
strenuous activities outdoors.
Children and the elderly
should also take it easy.
Consider reducing or rescheduling
strenuous activities outdoors if you
experience symptoms such as
coughing and throat irritation.
Very high Above 10
Avoid strenuous activities
outdoors. Children and the
elderly should also avoid
outdoor physical exertion.
Reduce or reschedule strenuous
activities outdoors, especially if
you experience symptoms such as
coughing and throat irritation.

27. Most polluted world cities by
PM(particulate matter)
Particulate
matter,
μg/m³ (2004)
City
168 Cairo, Egypt
150 Delhi, India
128 Kolkata, India (Calcutta)
125 Tianjin, China
123 Chongqing, China
109 Kanpur, India
109 Lucknow, India
104 Jakarta, Indonesia
101 Shenyang, China

28. Solutions for Air Pollution
• 1. Use public mode of transportation: Encourage people to use more and
more public modes of transportation to reduce pollution. Also, try to
make use of car pooling. If you and your colleagues come from the same
locality and have same timings you can explore this option to save energy
and money.
• 2. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going out.
Large amount of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can save
the environment from degradation by reducing the amount of fossil fuels
to be burned.
• 3. Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Do not throw
away items that are of no use to you. In-fact reuse them for some other
purpose. For e.g. you can use old jars to store cereals or pulses.

29. • 4. Emphasis on clean energy resources: Clean energy technologies like
solar, wind and geothermal are on high these days. Governments of
various countries have been providing grants to consumers who are
interested in installing solar panels for their home. This will go a long way
to curb air pollution.
• 5. Use energy efficient devices: CFL lights consume less electricity as
against their counterparts. They live longer, consume less electricity,
lower electricity bills and also help you to reduce pollution by consuming
less energy.
Several attempts are being made world wide on a personal, industrial and
governmental levels to curb the intensity at which Air Pollution is rising
and regain a balance as far as the proportions of the foundation gases are
concerned. This is a direct attempt at slacking Global warming. We are
seeing a series of innovations and experiments aimed at alternate and
unconventional options to reduce pollutants. Air Pollution is one of the
larger mirrors of man’s follies, and a challenge we need to overcome to
see a tomorrow.

33. Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from
this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts
of sulfur dioxide.

34. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution:
(1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination,
(3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground
level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides.

37. In the future it will be like this:

38. otherwise……

40. WWATATEERR
PPOLOLLULUTITIOO
NN

41. What is water pollution?
• Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds, and
ground water). This form of environmental
degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or
indirectly discharged into water bodies without
adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
• Water pollution affects the entire biosphere that
is the plants and organisms living in the water
bodies. In almost all cases the effect is damaging
not only to individual species and population, but
also to the natural biological communities

42. • Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing
evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels. It has been
suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths
and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000
people daily. An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution
related illness every day. Around 90% the water in the cities of China is
polluted, and as of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe
drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in
developing countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with
pollution problems. For example, in the most recent national report on
water quality in the United States, 45 percent of streams , 47% of lakes,
and 32 percent of bays were classified as polluted. The head of China's
national development agency said in 2007 that one quarter the length of
China's seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin.
• Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is filled with contaminants
and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, or
undergoes a shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities,
such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algaes, storms, and
earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological
status of water
Pollution in the Lachine Canal, Canada

43. What are the Categories?
Point source pollution –Point source pollution – Shipyard – Rio de JaneiroShipyard – Rio de Janeiro..
• Point sourcesPoint sources
• Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single,
identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges
from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. The U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA)
defines point source for regulatory enforcement purposes. The CWA definition of point source was
amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial storm water, such
as from construction sites.
• Nonpoint sources
 Nonpoint source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single
discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants
gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from
fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural
field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.
• Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is
sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However, because this runoff is typically
channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, it
becomes a point source.

44. What is Ground water pollution?
• Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex.
Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as
groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water
pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to
contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water
bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be
irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radioactive
contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may
not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the
aquifer below, creating a toxic plume. The movement of the plume,
called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport
model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination
may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology,
hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

45. What are the Causes?
The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide
spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical changes such as elevated
temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances
that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, iron,
manganese, etc.) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a
natural component of water and what is a contaminant. High concentrations
of naturally occurring substances can have negative impacts on aquatic flora
and fauna.
Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials such as plant matter
(e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and
anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light
and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species.
Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce
waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Alteration of water's
physical chemistry includes acidity (change in pH), electrical conductivity,
temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an increase in the
concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that
increases in the primary productivity of the ecosystem. Depending on the
degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as
anoxia (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur,
affecting fish and other animal populations.

46. PATHOGENS
Disease-causing microorganisms are referred to as pathogens. Although
the vast majority of bacteria are either harmless or beneficial, a few
pathogenic bacteria can cause disease. Coliform bacteria, which are not an
actual cause of disease, are commonly used as a bacterial indicator of
water pollution. Other microorganisms sometimes found in surface waters
that have caused human health problems include:
o
Burkholderia pseudomallei
o
Cryptosporidium parvum
• Giardia lamblia
• Salmonella
• Norovirus and other viruses
• Helminths (parasitic worms)
High levels of pathogens may result from inadequately treated sewage
discharges.This can be caused by a sewage plant designed with less than
secondary treatment (more typical in less-developed countries). In
developed countries, older cities with aging infrastructure may have leaky
sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps, valves), which can cause
sanitary sewer overflows. Some cities also have combined sewers, which
may discharge untreated sewage during rain storms. Pathogen discharges
may also be caused by poorly managed livestock operations.

47. What is THERMAL
POLLUTION?
• Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a
natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal
pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the
physical properties of water. A common cause of thermal
pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and
industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decrease
oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain
composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by
new thermophilic species.
• Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters.
• Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold
water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.

48. MEASURING OF POLLUTION
Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most
involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in site,
without sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have published
standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from disparate testing
events.
 Sampling
• Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy
needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most
commonly in association with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying
contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments
of water at either time or discharge intervals.
Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals from the surface water body. Depending
on the type of assessment, the organisms may be identified for biosurveys (population counts) and returned to the
water body, or they may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity.
• Physical testing
Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentrations (e.g., total suspended solids (TSS)) and
turbidity.
• Chemical testing
Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry. Many published test methods are
available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD),chemical oxygen demand (COD),nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals (including
copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.
• Biological testing
• Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic
ecosystem. They are any biological species or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal what
degree of ecosystem or environmental integrity is present. One example of a group of bio-indicators are the
copepods and other small water crustaceans that are present in many water bodies. Such organisms can be
monitored for changes
• (biochemical, physiological, or behavioral) that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem.

49. HOW TO CONTROL THE WATER
POLLUTION?
• Domestic sewage
Domestic sewage is typically 99.9 percent water with 0.1 percent pollutants. Although found in low
concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. In urban areas, domestic sewage is typically
treated by centralized sewage treatment plants. Well-designed and operated systems (i.e., secondary
treatment or better) can remove 90 percent or more of these pollutants. Some plants have additional
systems to remove nutrients and pathogens. Most municipal plants are not specifically designed to treat
toxic pollutants found in industrial waste water.
Cities with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one or more engineering
approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including:
• utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve storm water management capacity throughout the
system, and reduce the hydraulic overloading of the treatment plant
• repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment
• increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system (often a very expensive option).
A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have an individual septic tank,
which treats the waste water on site and discharges into the soil. Alternatively, domestic waste water
may be sent to a nearby privately owned treatment system.
Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant
serving Boston, Massachusetts and vicinity

50. What are Industrial sewages?
• Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be treated by
municipal facilities. Industries that generate waste water with high concentrations of
conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile
organic compounds) or other non-conventional pollutants such as ammonia, need
specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system
to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated waste water to the
municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of waste water typically operate
their own complete on-site treatment systems. Some industries have been successful at
redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a
process called pollution prevention.
• Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be controlled with:
o cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by evaporation,
convection, and radiation
o cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through evaporation and/or
heat transfer
o cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial
heating purposes.
Dissolved air flotation system for treating
industrial wastewater.

51. WATER CONSERVATION

52. What is WATER CONSERVATION?
• Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to
manage fresh water as a sustainable resource, to protect the water
environment, and to meet current and future human demand. Population,
household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used.
Factors such as climate change will increase pressures on natural water
resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.
The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows:
• To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of fresh water
from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.
• Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery and waste water treatment
facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world
over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water management.
• Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to preserve fresh
water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing
the need to build new dams and other water diversion infrastructures.

53.  Water conservation programs involved in social solutions are typically initiated at
the local level, by either municipal water utilities or regional governments.
Common strategies include public outreach campaigns, tiered water rates (charging
progressively higher prices as water use increases), or restrictions on outdoor water
use such as lawn watering and car washing. Cities in dry climates often require or
encourage the installation of natural landscaping in new homes to reduce outdoor
water usage.
 One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of
residential water metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have
estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households, and
about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001).Although individual water meters
have often been considered impractical in homes with private wells or in
multifamily buildings, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that
metering alone can reduce consumption by 20 to 40 percent. In addition to raising
consumer awareness of their water use, metering is also an important way to
identify and localize water leakage. Water metering would benefit society in the
long run it is proven that water metering increases the efficiency of the entire
water system, as well as help unnecessary expenses for individuals for years to
come. One would be unable to waste water unless they are willing to pay the extra
charges, this way the water department would be able to monitor water usage by
public, domestic and manufacturing services.
METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION

54. •SOCIAL SOLUTIONS
 Water conservation programs involved in social solutions are typically initiated at the local level, by
either municipal water utilities or regional governments. Common strategies include public
outreach campaigns,[4] tiered water rates (charging progressively higher prices as water use
increases), or restrictions on outdoor water use such as lawn watering and car washing.[5] Cities in
dry climates often require or encourage the installation of natural landscaping in new homes to
reduce outdoor water usage.[6]
 One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential water
metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are
metered in less than 30% of UK households,[7] and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001).
[8] Although individual water meters have often been considered impractical in homes with private
wells or in multifamily buildings, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that
metering alone can reduce consumption by 20 to 40 percent.[9] In addition to raising consumer
awareness of their water use, metering is also an important way to identify and localize water
leakage. Water metering would benefit society in the long run it is proven that water metering
increases the efficiency of the entire water system, as well as help unnecessary expenses for
individuals for years to come. One would be unable to waste water unless they are willing to pay the
extra charges, this way the water department would be able to monitor water usage by public,
domestic and manufacturing services.
 Some researchers have suggested that water conservation efforts should be primarily directed at
farmers, in light of the fact that crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the world's fresh water use.[10]
 New technology poses a few new options for consumers, features such and full flush and half flush
when using a toilet are trying to make a difference in water consumption and waste. Also available
in our modern world is shower heads that help reduce wasting water, old shower heads are said to
use 5-10 gallons per minute. All new fixtures available are said to use 2.5 gallons per minute and
offer equal water coverage.

55. •HOUSEHOLD APPLICATIONSThe Home Water Works website contains useful information on household water conservation.Contrary to
popular view, experts suggest the most efficient way is replacing toilets and retrofitting washers.
Water-saving technology for the home includes:
• Low-flow shower heads sometimes called energy-efficient shower heads as they also use less energy
• Low-flush toilets and composting toilets. These have a dramatic impact in the developed world, as
conventional Western toilets use large volumes of water
• Dual flush toilets created by Caroma includes two buttons or handles to flush different levels of water. Dual
flush toilets use up to 67% less water than conventional toilets
• Faucet aerators, which break water flow into fine droplets to maintain "wetting effectiveness" while using
less water. An additional benefit is that they reduce splashing while washing hands and dishes
• Raw water flushing where toilets use sea water or non-purified water
• Wastewater reuse or recycling systems, allowing:
– Reuse of gray water for flushing toilets or watering gardens
– Recycling of wastewater through purification at a water treatment plant.
• Rainwater harvesting
• Weather-based irrigation controllers
• Garden hose nozzles that shut off water when it is not being used, instead of letting a hose run.
• Low flow taps in wash basins
• Swimming pool covers that reduce evaporation and can warm pool water to reduce water, energy and
chemical costs.
• Automatic faucet is a water conservation faucet that eliminates water waste at the faucet. It automates the
use of faucets without the use of hands.

56. •COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
• Many water-saving devices (such as low-flush toilets) that are useful in homes can
also be useful for business water saving. Other water-saving technology for
businesses includes:
• Waterless urinals
• Waterless car washes
• Infrared or foot-operated taps, which can save water by using short bursts of
water for rinsing in a kitchen or bathroom
• Pressurized water brooms, which can be used instead of a hose to clean sidewalks
• X-ray film processor re-circulation systems
• Cooling tower conductivity controllers
• Water-saving steam sterilizers, for use in hospitals and health care facilities
• Rain water harvesting
• Water to Water heat exchangers.

57. Simple ways you can practise
• Turn off water while you are brushing your teeth and open it when you
need to rinse your mouth.
• Take shallow baths and plug the drain before you run water. Keep showers
short with pressure at low force. Re-use bath water to water your lawn or
shrubs or for heavy cleaning jobs like floors or cars.
• Install Dual Flush toilets in the home.
• Buy the washing machines or dishwashers that have AAA ratings and that
are ranked as energy efficient.
• Get rain tanks and collect the rainwater in them. That water can be used for
gardening and washing cars.
• Use mulch around the trees and plants in your lawn. This keeps in moisture
longer so that use will need less water to keep your lawn and plants
healthy.

58. Minimum water network target
and design
The cost effective minimum water network is a holistic
framework/guide for water conservation that helps
in determining the minimum amount of freshwater
and wastewater target for an industrial or urban
system based on the water management hierarchy
i.e. it considers all conceivable methods to save
water. The technique ensure that the designer
desired payback period is satisfied using Systematic
Hierarchical Approach for Resilient Process Screening
(SHARPS) technique.

59. Water -saving devices
Spray tap
Aerator tap
Low-flow
shower with
shut off valve

60. US postage stamp advocating
‘water conservation’

61. Drip irrigation: a way of
conserving water