2. Importance for LSI/VLSI
Low fabrication cost
Small size
Low power consumption
Applications
Microprocessors
Memories
Power Devices
Basic Properties
Unipolar device
Very high input impedance
Capable of power gain
3/4 terminal device, G, S, D, B
Two possible device types: enhancement mode;
depletion mode
Two possible channel types: n-channel; p-channel
3. Transistors
These are three
terminal devices,
where the current or
voltage at one
terminal, the input
terminal, controls the
flow of current
between the two
remaining terminals.
4. FETs
Two primary types:
MOSFET, Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET. Also
known as IGFET – Insulated Gate FET;
JFET, Junction FET.
MOS transistors can be:
n-Channel;
Enhancement mode;
Depletion mode;
p-Channel;
Enhancement mode;
Depletion mode;
8. MOSFET
(n-channel Enhancement-Mode)
Device Structure
Substrate, source connected to ground
The drain-body n+p junction is reverse-biased.
The body-source pn+ junction is reverse-biased.
Enhancement MOSFET acts as an open circuit with no gate voltage.
9.
10. MOSFET Operation
• Voltage at gate
controls the flow of
current between drain
and source.
• VGS – Voltage between
gate and source.
• VDS – Voltage between
drain and source.
11. MOSFET Operation
• When VGS = 0 then no
current flows between
drain and source.
• pn-Junction is reverse
biased.
12. Basic MOSFET (n-channel)
• The gate electrode is placed
on top of a very thin
insulating layer.
• There are a pair of small n-
type regions just under the
drain & source electrodes.
• If apply a +ve voltage to
gate, will push away the
‘holes’ inside the p-type
substrate and attracts the
moveable electrons in the
n-type regions under the
source & drain electrodes.
13. Basic MOSFET (n-channel)
• Increasing the +ve gate
voltage pushes the p-type
holes further away and
enlarges the thickness of
the created channel.
• As a result increases the
amount of current which
can go from source to
drain — this is why this
kind of transistor is called
an enhancement mode
device.
17. Note the n-type
body and the p-
type source and
drain areas.
Both VGS and VDD
are negative with
respect to ground.
18. January 2004ELEC 121 19
n-Channel E-MOSFET showing channel length L and channel width W
19. A family of curves
representing the
V-I characteristics
of transistors.
A plot of drain
current, ID, as a
function of drain-
to-source voltage,
VDS, for several
values of VGS.
20. Depletion Mode MOSFETs
• n-Channel is built in.
• VGS varies from
negative values to
positive values, where
negative values of VGS
depletes the channel
while positive values
enhance it further.
21. January 2004 ELEC 121 22
D-MOSFET Depletion Mode Operation
The transfer characteristics are similar to the JFET
In Depletion Mode operation:
When VGS = 0V, ID = IDSS
When VGS < 0V, ID < IDSS
When VGS > 0V, ID > IDSS
The formula used to plot the Transfer Curve, is:
2
GS
D DSS
P
V
I = I 1-
V
22. September 17, 2007 23
The enhancement-type NMOS transistor with a
positive voltage applied to the gate.
An n channel is
induced at the top
of the substrate
beneath the gate.
Operation
23. September 17, 2007 24
vGS > Vt ,small vDS
applied.
the channel
conductance is
proportional to
vGS - Vt, and is
proportional to
(vGS - Vt) vDS.
Triode Region
24. September 17, 2007 25
The induced
channel acquires a
tapered shape and
its resistance
increases as vDS is
increased.
vGS > Vt.
Saturation Region
25. September 17, 2007 26
Derivation of the iD - vDS characteristic of the
NMOS transistor.
26. September 17, 2007 27
Increasing vDS beyond vDSsat causes the channel
pinch-off point to move slightly away from the drain,
thus reducing the effective channel length (by L).
27. September 17, 2007 28
Enhancement-type NMOS transistor operated with vGS > Vt.
Drain current iD versus vDS
28. ECE 663
Drain current for REALLY small VD
TGD
DTGinD
DDTGinD
VVV
VVVC
L
Z
I
VVVVC
L
Z
I
2
2
1
Linear operation
Channel Conductance:
)( TGin
VD
D
D VVC
L
Z
V
I
g
G
Transconductance:
Din
VG
D
m VC
L
Z
V
I
g
D
29. ECE 663
In Saturation
• Channel Conductance:
• Transconductance:
2
2
TGinD VVC
L
Z
satI
0
GVD
D
D
V
I
g
TGin
VG
D
m VVC
L
Z
V
I
g
D
33. September 17, 2007 34
Cross section of a CMOS integrated circuit. Note that the
PMOS transistor is formed in a separate n-type region, known
as an n well. Another arrangement is also possible in which
an n-type body is used and the n device is formed in a p well.
34. Fabrication and Layout Slide 35
Transistors as Switches
• We can view MOS transistors as electrically
controlled switches
• Voltage at gate controls path from source to
drain
g
s
d
g = 0
s
d
g = 1
s
d
g
s
d
s
d
s
d
nMOS
pMOS
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
38. MOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) logic
has a few desirable advantages:
• High input impedance. The input signal is driving electrodes
with a layer of insulation (the metal oxide) between them and
what they are controlling. This gives them a small amount of
capacitance, but virtually infinite resistance. The current into or
out of CMOS input held at one level is just leakage, usually 1
nanoAmpere or less
• CMOS logic takes very little power when held in a fixed state.
The current consumption comes from switching as those
capacitors are charged and discharged. Even then, it has good
speed to power ratio compared to other logic types.
• CMOS gates are very simple. The basic gate is an inverter,
which is only two transistors. This together with the low power
consumption means it lends itself well to dense integration. Or
conversely, you get a lot of logic for the size, cost and power.
40. 41
CCD Image Sensors
• High QE and low dark current
• Serial readout:
– Slow readout
– Complex clocking and supply
requirements
– High power consumption
• Cannot integrate circuitry on
chip
41. 42
CMOS Image Sensors
• Memory-like readout:
– Enables high speed operation
– Low power consumption
– Region of interest
• Integration
• Enable new applications:
– Embedded imaging
– High dynamic range
– Biometrics
– 3D imaging
Column Amplifiers / Caps
Column ADC / Mux
RowDecoder
Pixel
Word
Bit
Reset
Word
Bit
49. Carbon N-TE-DNA BioFET Whole Cell SummaryIntroduction
BioFET
• Draws upon versatility of common electronic
component (Field-Effect Transistor)
• Well understood expectations/results
