Ecology Chapter 25: AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

1. CHAPTER 25
BRENT BONIOR | PAULA MARIE LLIDO |
| JAEN KIETH ROCIOS | EARL JUDD SULLANO
| NOVEH TIU | AEMEE ROZANNE UY
| JINSHEEN YOUNG
AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS

2. • Classification physical features
• Water Salinity
-major feature that influence adaptation
• 2 Categories
– Freshwater (Lotic ＆ Lentic)
– Saltwater (Coastal ＆Open-water)

4. 25.1 Lakes Have Many Origins
• Lakes and Ponds
- inland depressions containing standing water

5. 25.1 Lakes Have Many Origins
Formed by glacial erosion and
deposition
Formed from deposited silt, driftwood
and other debris
Formed from shifts of Earth's crust
Formed from nongeological activities

6. 25.2 Lakes Have Well-Defined Physical
Characteristics
• Factors that influence the distribution
and adaptation:
Oxygen
Temperature
Light

7. 25.2 Lakes Have Well-Defined Physical
Characteristics

8. 25.2 Lakes Have Well-Defined Physical
Characteristics

9. CONCEPT 25.3

10. Aquatic life richest at
shallow waters
• Area dominated by emergent vegetation

11. Aquatic life richest at
shallow waters
•Zone of floating plants

13. Bottom Ooze
•Region of great biological activity
•Anaerobic bacteria are dominant organisms
•Organic matter reaching bottom greater than
amounts that can be utilized by bottom fauna form
a muck
•Muck is rich in hydrogen sulfide and methane

14. Periphyton or Aufwuchs
• Organisms closely associated with the benthic community
• Periphyton- mostly algae and diatoms living on plants;
fast growing and lightly attached
• Aufwuchs- form crust-like growth of cyanobacteria,
diatoms, water moss, and sponges, on
stones, wood, etc.

15. CONCEPT 25.4

16. Eutrophication
•The run off of rich nutrients from the land to the
lake or other bodies of water
•Typical eutrophic lake: High surface-to-volume
ratio
•Abundance of nutrients especially nitrogen,
phosphorous, and organic matter

17. Oligotrophy
•Condition of being poor in nutrients.
•Low surface-to-volume ratio

18. Dystrophic
•Receives large amounts of organic matter from
surrounding land
•Usually highly acidic
•Highly productive littoral zones

21. • If gradient is less steep,
velocity decreases and the
stream begins to meander.
• River is forced to deposit its
load of sediment in a fan-
shaped area about its mouth
to form a delta.

23. FAST MOUNTAIN STREAM SLOW MOUNTAIN STREAM

24. • Riffles are the sites of
primary production in the
stream.
• Pools are the sites of
decomposition

26. • A streamlined form offers
less resistance to water
current.
• Sticky undersurfaces help
snails and planarians cling
tightly

27. • flattened bodies and broad,
flat limbs (black-fly larva)
• construct protective cases of
sand or small pebbles
(Caddisfly)

29. The Flowing Water-Ecosystem
is a Continuum of Changing
Environments

30. Headwater Streams
Swift, cold, and in shaded
forested regions.

31. Headwater Streams
Primary productivity in these
streams is typically low and they
depend heavily on the input of
detritus from terrestrial streamside
vegetation.

32. Headwater Streams
Dominant organisms are
shredders, processing large-
sized litter and feeding on
CPOM, and collectors,
processors of FPOM.

33. Headwater Streams
Accumulators, processors,
and transporters of
particulate organic matter of
terrestrial origin.

34. Rivers Flow Into the Sea,
Forming Estuaries

35. Estuary
The place where freshwater
joins saltwater.

36. Estuary
Semi-enclosed parts of the
coastal ocean where seawater
is diluted and partially mixed
with the freshwater coming
from the land.

37. Mixing waters of different
salinities and temperatures
creates a counterflow that
works as a nutrient trap.

38. Inflowing river waters most often
impoverish rather than fertilize the
estuary. Instead, nutrients and
oxygen are carried into the estuary
by tides.

39. Problems
Organisms
Inhabiting The
Estuary Face

40. Maintaining their
position
Adjusting to changing
salinity

41. Most estuarine organisms are
benthic.
Salinity dictates the
distribution of life in the
estuary.

50. Benthic Benthos
Refers to the plants
and animals that
live there.
Refers to the floor
of the sea.

51. In a world of darkness, no photosynthesis
takes place, so the bottom community is
strictly
Heterotrophic
Organisms that cannot produce their own food. They
rely on food that comes from other organisms.

52. Despite the darkness in depth….
benthic communities support a high diversity of
species.

53. Polychaete Worms Pericarid
Crustaceans

54. Important organisms in the benthic food
chain are the bacteria of the sediments.
o Commonly found where large quantities of
organic matter are present.
o Bacteria synthesize protein from dissolved
nutrients and in turn become a source of
protein, fat and oils for other organisms.

56. Hydrothermal Vents
o Form when cold seawater flows down through
the fissures and cracks in the basaltic lava floor
deep into the underlying crust.
o The water, heated to a high temperature, re-
emerges through mineralized chimneys rising
up to 13 m above the sea floor.

57. White smokers Black smokers
Narrower chimneys rich in
copper sulfides, issue jets
of clear water from 300 °C
to more 450 °C that are
soon blackened by
precipitation of fine-
grained sulfur-mineral
particles
Rich in zinc sulfides
issue a milky fluid
with a temperature
of under 300°C

59. Associated with these vents is a rich
diversity of unique deep-sea life,
confined to within a few meters of the
vent system.

60. The primary producers are
chemosynthetic bacteria
o Oxidize reduced sulfur compounds such as
hydrogen sulfide to release energy used to form
organic matter from carbon dioxide.

61. The primary consumers include
giant clams, mussels, and
polychaete worms
o Filter bacteria from water and graze on bacterial
film on rocks

63. Coral Reefs
Lying in the warm, shallow waters about
tropical islands and continental
landmasses.

65. Unique accumulation of dead skeletal
material built up by carbonate secreting
organisms
Coral Reefs

66. Coral Reefs
Reef-building corals are generally found
at depths of less than 45 m.

68. Coral Reefs
Reef-building corals have symbiotic relationship
with algal cells, their distribution is limited to
depths where sufficient solar radiation is
available to support photosynthesis.

70. Coral Reefs
This precipitation occurs when water
temperature and salinity are high and
carbon dioxide concentrations are low.

71. 3 Basic Types of Coral Reefs

72. Fringing Reefs
Grow seaward from the rocky shores of
islands and continents

74. Barrier Reefs
Parallel shorelines of continents and
islands and are separated from land by
shallow lagoons.

76. Atolls
Rings of coral reefs and islands surrounding
a lagoon, formed when a volcanic mountain
subsides beneath the surface.

80. Corals are modular animals, anemone-like
cylindrical polyps, with prey capturing
tentacles surrounding the opening mouth.

81. Also associated with coral growth are mollusks,
echinoderms, crustaceans, polychaete worms,
sponges, diverse array of fishes, both
herbivorous and predatory.

83. PRODUCTIVITY OF THE
OCEANS IS GOVERNED
BY LIGHT AND
NUTRIENTS
CONCEPT 25.13
BY PAULA MARIE M. LLIDO

84. PROCESSES THAT
RETURNED THE RATE
OF NUTRIENTS TO THE
SURFACE

85. Upwelling of deeper nutrient-rich waters
To the surface
Seasonal breakdown of the
thermocline and subsequent
turnover
Upwelling of deeper nutrient-
rich waters to the surface
1
2

86. COASTAL
REGION
HIGH PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
OPEN
WATERS
LOW PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
TROPICAL
OCEAN

87. Highest production of open
waters of tropical oceans
occurs in EQUATORIAL
REGION where upwelling
occurs as surface current
diverge

88. ANTARTIC
REGION
HIGH PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
ARCTIC
REGION
LOW PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
POLAR
OCEAN

89. ANTARCTIC
REGION
HIGH PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
ARCTIC
REGION
LOW PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
POLAR
OCEAN

90. ANTARCTIC
REGION
HIGH PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
ARCTIC
REGION
LOW PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
POLAR
OCEAN

92. • TROPICAL OCEAN
Coastal region = productivity
Ocean waters = productivity
(except in equatorial region)
• POLAR OCEAN
Antarctic region = productivity
Arctic Region = productivity
• TEMPERATE OCEANS = Seasonal dynamics
of thermocline
1
3
2

94. UMMARY
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
VARY FROM LAKE, RIVER, SWAMP,
ESTUARY, AND OCEAN ENVIRONMENTS
AND EACH HAVE UNIQUE AND DIVERSE SPECIES LIVING IN IT.