The document provides information about ceramics, including: - Ceramics are materials made from clay that undergo a hardening process through firing at high temperatures. Common ceramics include bricks, tiles, roofing tiles, and pottery. - Ceramic materials consist of phases made of chemical bonds between metal and non-metal elements. Most ceramic phases have a crystalline structure. - Ceramics can be classified as traditional silicate ceramics or new non-silicate ceramics like oxides and carbides. Glasses are also discussed. - The properties of ceramics discussed include their electrical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical behaviors.

1. Anhar Indarianti Utami Umi Nopitasari
KERAMIK

2. Keramik adalah semua benda-benda yang terbuat dari tanah liat/lempung yang men
galami suatu proses pengerasan dengan pembakaran suhu tinggi. Pengertian kerami
k yang lebih luas dan umum adalah “Bahan yang dibakar tinggi” termasuk didalamn
ya semen, gips, metal dan lainnya.
Bahan keramik terdiri dari fasa yang merupakan senyawa antara unsur logam dan b
ukan logam. Senyawa ini mempunyai ikatan ionik dan/atau ikatan kovalen.jadi sifat-
sifatnya berbeda dengan logam. Kebanyakan fase keramik mempunyai struktur krist
alin. Dibanding dengan logam, struktur kristal bahan keramik lebih rumit.

3. KLASIFIKASI / PENGGOLONGAN KERAMIK
01
Traditional ceramics
silikat yang digunakan untuk produk tanah liat seperti batu bata, ubin, genteng,
kerajinan pecah belah, abrasive umum, dan semen.
02
New ceramics
keramik yg dikembangkan belakangan berbasis pada non silicates seperti oxid
es dan carbides, umumnya memiliki sifat mekanik dan fisik yang lebih unggul d
ibanding keramik tradisional.
03
04
Glasses
pada dasarnya berbasis pada silika dan dibedakan dari keramik lainnya karena
struktur non-crystalline.
Glass ceramics
glasses yg telah diubah menjadi memiliki struktur kristal yang besar dg proses
perlakuan panas.

4. SIFAT KERAMIK
01
Sifat Listrik
Sifat listrik bahan keramik sangat bervariasi. Keramik dikenal sangat baik sebagai isolator. B
eberapa isolator keramik (seperti BaTiO3) dapat dipolarisasi dan digunakansebagai kapasito
r. Sering pula digunakan bahan yang disebut dielektrik. Bahan ini
adalah isolator yang dapat dipolarisasi pada tingkat molekular.Material semacam ini
digunakan untuk menyimpan muatan listrik. Beberapa keramik memiliki sifat piezoelektrik
, atau kelistrikan tekan. Sifat inimerupakan bagian bahan "canggih" yang
sering digunakan untuk tranduser,yang ditemui pada mikrofon, dan sebagainya
02
Sifat Non Listrik
1) Sifat Mekanik
Sifat Mekanik Keramik biasanya material yang kuat, dan keras dan juga tahan korosi.Bh
an keramik umumnya memiliki kekuatan tarik yang rendah karenaketahanan terhadap
geseran terhadap pangkal retak.
2) Sifat Termal
Sifat termal penting bahan keramik adalah kapasitas panas, koefisienekspansitermal, da
n konduktivitas termal. Kapasitas panas bahan adalahkemampuan bahanuntuk mengabs
orbsi panas dari lingkungan. Panas yangdiserap disimpan oleh padatan antara lain dala
m bentuk vibrasi (getaran)atom/ion penyusun padatan tersebut.Keramik biasanya memil
iki ikatan yangkuat dan atom-atom yang ringan. Jadigetaran-getaran atom-atomnya ak
anberfrekuensi tinggi dan karena ikatannya kua tmaka getaran yang besar tidakakan m
enimbulkan gangguan yang terlalu banyak pada kisi kristalnya.Contoh paling baik peng
gunaan keramik untuk insulasi panas adalahpada pesawat ruang angkasa.

5. SIFAT KERAMIK
03
Sifat Optik
Bila cahaya mengenai suatu obyek cahaya dapat ditransmisikan, diabsorbsi,ataudipantulkan
. Bahan bervariasi dalam kemampuan untuk mentransmisikancahaya, dan biasanya dideskri
psikan sebagai transparan. Dua mekanismepenting interaksi cahaya dengan partikel dalam
padatan adalah polarisasielektronik dan transisi elektron antar tingkat energi. Banyak aplik
asimemanfaatkan sifat optik bahan keramik ini. Transparansi gelas membuatnyabermanfaat
untuk jendela, lensa, dan objek-objek seni.
04
Sifat Kimia
Salah satu sifat khas dari keramik adalah kestabilan kimia. Sifat kimia dari permukaan kera
mik dapat dimanfaatkan secara positif. Karbon aktif, silika gel, zeolit, dsb, mempunyai luas p
ermukaan besar dan dipakai sebagai bahan pengabsorb. Kalau oksida logam dipanaskan pa
da kira-kira 500 0C, permukaannya menjadi bersifat asam atau bersifat basa. Alumina , zeo
lit, lempung asam atau S2O2 – TiO2 demikian juga berbagai oksida biner dipakai sebagai kat
alis, yang memanfaatkan aksi katalitik dari titik bersifat asam dan basa pada permukaan.

6. Bahan Pembuatan Keramik
Bahan Mentah
Tanah Liat yang memiliki struk
tur berupa lembaran halus
flint (sebuah batu yang tersus
un dari silica sangat halus,SiO2)
feldspar (kelompok kristalin m
ineral yang tersusun dari alumin
ium silikat ditambah kalium, kal
sium, atau natrium).
Bahan Isolasi
Isolator, soket, tombol kontak adal
ah jenis keramik isolasi yang mem
punyai sejarah paling tua. Kebany
akan dibuat dari barang tanah da
n porselen, dan sekarang juga mas
ih dipakai secara luas sebagai isola
tor frekuensi rendah
Bahan Dielektrik
Bahan dielektrik memisahkan d
ua konduktor listrik tanpa ada al
iran listrik diantaranya. Jadi, log
am bukan bahan dielektrik; teta
pi beberapa jenis keramik dan p
olimer termasuk kelompok ini.
Dielektrik adalah isolator, dan m
emegang peran inert dalam ran
gkaian listrik

7. Bahan Pembuatan Keramik
Bahan Piezoelektrik
PbTrO3-PbTiO3
 BaTiO3
Bahan Semikonduktor
Dalam bahan keramik semikond
uktor, termistor, varistor dan sen
sor digunakan secara praktis. Te
rmistor, resistor yang peka sepe
nuhnya secara termal, secara ha
rfiah berarti semikonduktor ker
amik dengan variasi termal yan
g tinggi.
Polarisasi listrik
Polarisasi dapat digolongkan d
alam beberapa jenis tergantun
g pada pergeseran satuan pola
risasi elektronik.
Polarisasi ionik
Polarisasi molekul

8. Tahap-tahap membuat keramik Ada beberapa tahapan proses yang harusdilakukan untuk memb
uat suatu produk keramik,yaitu:
1. Pengolahan bahan
Didalam pengolahan bahan ini ada proses-proses tertentu yang harusdilakukan antara lain
pengurangan ukuran butir, penyaringan
pencampuran
pengadukan (mixing)
pengurangan kadar air
Pengulian
2. PembentukanTahap pembentukan adalah tahap mengubah bongkahan badan tanah liat pla
stis menjadi benda-benda yang dikehendaki. Ada tiga keteknikan utama dalam membentuk
benda keramik:
pembentukan tangan langsung (handbuilding)
teknik putar (throwing)
teknik cetak (casting)..
Proses Pembuatan Keramik

9. 3. Pengeringan
Tujuan utama dari tahap ini adalah untuk menghilangkan air plastisyang terikat pada badan ker
amik.Ketika badan keramik plastis dikeringkan akan terjadi 3 proses penting:
(1) Air pada lapisanantarpartikel lempung mendifusi ke permukaan, menguap,sampai akhirnya p
artikel-partikelsaling bersentuhan dan penyusutan berhenti;
(2) Air dalam pori hilang tanpa terjadi susut;
(3) air yang terserap pada permukaan partikel hilang.
4. Pembakaran
Pembakaran merupakan inti dari pembuatan keramik dimana proses inimengubah massayang r
apuh menjadi massa yang padat, keras, dan kuat.Pembakaran dilakukan dalam sebuah tungku/
furnace suhu tinggi. Selamapembakaran, badan keramik mengalami beberapa reaksi-reaksi pe
nting.Pengglasiran merupakan tahap yang dilakukan sebelum dilakukan pembakaranglasir. Ben
dakeramik biskuit dilapisi glasir dengan cara dicelup, dituang,disemprot, atau dikuas
Proses Pembuatan Keramik

10. Penggunaan Bahan KERAMIK
Bahan-bahan keramik dapat digunakan membuat berbagai komponen/pr
oduk
01
Keramik Konvensional
Keramik berstruktur Penggunaan : pot bunga, lantai dan d
inding.
Keramik putih Penggunaan : peralatan meja makan (seper
ti piring, teko, mangkuk),peralatan kamar mandi, perhiasan
rumah
02
Keramik Modern
Keramik Oksida
Contohnya: Mata pahat, Komponen mesin.
Keramik Bukan Oksida
Contohnya ialah Turbin gas, Komponen mesin, Abrasif, Mata pahat
Keramik Komposit
Contohnya ialah komponen mesin, mata pahat
Keramik Kaca
Contohnya ialah untuk instrument bagian-bagian mekanik dalamkapalterbang.

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