Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s).

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Umera AnjumUmera Anjumumera46atgmaildotcom

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Today Radars are used both in military and civilian
applications. In military applications Radars' play vital role
in detecting the enemy aircrafts at larger distances.
Jamming is a technique which is usually adopted to
make a RADAR non functional.
Hence a robust RADAR must be able to work even
when there is jamming attach from enemy side. Many
kinds of technology can be applied to modern pulse radar
to meet diversified jamming in a word, they all enhance
useful echo signals and avoid or weaken interference
signals in order to ensure the radar works properly to the
maximum extent.

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•In this project an architecture to achieve “Self
switching type agile RADAR” is realized with FPGA
using Hardware Description Language (VHDL) , the
validity is proved by suitable test signals.
•The self-adaptive frequency agility module can analyze
the type of jamming to select transmitting frequency to
avoid the frequencies which have interference. The
high level blocks include jamming analysis, monitor
control and receiver. We use Xilinx real time pipelined
FFT core for spectrum estimation block.

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RADAR PRINCIPLE

6. Transmitter : sends a pulse out through the
atmosphere.
Antenna : sweep through different
directions to cover the region around the
radar station.
Target (Enemy Aircraft): scatter some of
the pulse back to the receiver (antenna).
Receiver : gives Target distance, Range .etc
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RADAR COMPONENTS

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY
Pulse Radar Components
SynchronizerSynchronizer TransmitterTransmitter
Display UnitDisplay Unit ReceiverReceiver
PowerPower
SupplySupply
ANT.ANT.DuplexerDuplexer
RFOut
EchoIn
Antenna Control

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JAMMING CONCEPT : JAMMER

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RESOLUTION FOR
JAMMING
• Anti-Jamming : attempt to reduce or eliminate the
effect of Jamming
• Earlier Proposed Methods
• Electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM)
• “Chirping" or Linear frequency modulation
• Cloaking the outgoing signal with random noise
• Polarization …Etc

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NORMAL RADAR PULSE
Vulnerable to Jamming

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CHIRPED RADAR PULSE
Vulnerable to jamming

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PROBLEM AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONPROBLEM AND PROPOSED SOLUTION
Current problem scenario : Jamming
RADAR’s with fixed frequency carrier
profile are vulnerable to jamming
However complex carrier frequency
scheme is chosen, if it fixed then it can
be easily jammed
Proposed solution : Anti -Jamming
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14. Phase Shift
(delay)
Attenuation
Atmospheric
Absorption
Rain Vegetation
Path Loss
(distance)
Four factors that may cause distortion:
Transmitted
Signal
Received
Signal
CHANNEL PROPAGATION ISSUES
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15. APPLICATIONS
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• Military RADARs
• Civilian RADARs in security applications
• Radar astronomy
• Air-defense systems
• Antimissile systems

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ADVANTAGES
• Complete FPGA implementation hence fastest switching is possible
• Even when there is no interference still the RADAR can change its
frequency to result in LPI (low probability of intercept) scheme.

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DISADVANTAGES
• System complexity increases on processing side
• The RF and other analog stages also must be capable of switching to
implement this scheme. Which increases the complexity.

18. Conclusion:
 Radar is a way to detect and study far
off objects by transmitting a radio pulse
in the direction of the target and
observing the reflection of the wave.
Its basically a radio echo.
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THANK YOU