Tis is assigned by Dr.Farooq Iqbal mirza. And approved by ripha university.

2. COURSE : ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION.
RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
FAISALABAD
Topic Assigned by :
Dr. Farooq Iqbal mirza

3. D
E
F
I
N
I
T
I
O
N
The process by which educators evaluate
the performance of the pupils in exams on the standard
particular scales which is based on the points entirely
and consist of the grades like A-F or range like 1-10;
generally, letters and numbers are used to describe the
grades of the students or the concerned person.

4. THE MANNER IN WHICH THE STUDENT’S
ACHIEVEMENT IS REQUIRED
• Percentage Grades: Teacher assign a number between 0-100,
number corresponds to the percentage of the material that the
student has learned.
• Letter Grades: A single letter (A,B,C,D,E,F) is issued represent
student’s achievement.
• Descriptive Evaluation: Qualitative descriptions of learning, skills
and abilities that characterize a student’s work (written report)
• Pass-Fail Grading: Not included in student’s grade point average,
this system allows students to explore new areas of study without
fear of lowering their grade point average and is less informative
than letter grade system.
• Checklists of Objectives: Commonly used in elementary schools
which list major objectives to be checked or rated. (Outstanding,
satisfactory, needs improvement)

5. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED:
WHEN GRADING STUDENT PERFORMANCE
• What are the purpose of grading..
• What kind of grading systems can be used..
• How are grades to be assigned..
• How are non-achievement outcomes reported..
• How can grade-book be formatted..
• How can information be recorded in it..
• How is student progress to reported to families..

6. PURPOSE
• The primary purpose of the grading system is to
clearly, accurately, consistently and fairly communicate
learning progress and achievement to students,
families, postsecondary institutions and prospective
employers.
• In past times, marks and percentage were the only
ways of assessing the students in their exams.
• But today, mostly all the nations adopted this system
of marking the students in the exams.

7. OBJECTIVES
• State the purpose of grading.
• Describe the features of the various types of grading systems.
• Determine the steps to take when assigning grades.
• Identify non-achievement outcomes and determine how they
can be measured and reported.
• Describe the information that needs to be recorded in the
grade-book and how it can be formatted in an efficient
manner.
• Determine ways to report grades and effectively communicate
to families.

8. PRINCIPLES
• The grading system measures, reports and documents
academic progress and achievement separately from work
habits, character traits and behaviors.
• So that educators, counselors, advisors and support
specialists can accurately determine the difference between
learning needs and behavioral or work-habit needs.
• The grading system ensures that students, families,
teachers, counselors, advisors, and support specialists
have the detailed information they need to make important
decisions about a student’s education.
• The grading system ensures consistency and fairness in
the assessment of learning and in the assignment of scores
and proficiency levels against the same leaning standards,
across students, teachers, assessments, learning
experiences, content areas and time.
• The grading system is not used as a form of punishment,
control or compliance.
• In proficiency-based learning systems, what matters most is
where students end up—not where they started out or how
they behaved along the way

9. FUNCTIONS OF GRADES
• Information Functions: inform or give feedback to
students/families on their academic progress.
• Administrative Functions: used to determine
promotion and graduation, awarding honors,
admission into special courses and programs,
scholarships and extracurricular activities.
• Guidance Functions: helps students develop better
self-understanding to make educational and
vocational planes, enrolling into certain course ,
program and potential career.
• Sorting and Selecting Functions: Employers and
admission officers from colleges and universities use
grades to determine either any individual will be hired
or admitted.
• Research Functions: used for educational research,
grades are used as the criterion against which a
predictor variable is validated (using high school
grades as a predictor of success in college.

10. TWO MAIN TERMS
• GPA stands for the Grade Point Average. It is a method to
find out the student’s average grade in a specific time
period i.e. in one semester/six months.
• CGPA stands for the Cumulative Grade Point Average. It is
a method to find out the overall performance of the
candidate throughout the year.
• It is calculated by adding up the grades of all subjects and
divided it by the total number of the subjects.

11. MERITS OF GRADING SYSTEM
• Determination of Weakness and Strengths:
With the help of the grades the weaknesses and strength of the
students will be identified.
• The pattern of Grading:
It relies upon the advanced pattern, as grades are not given
according to the academics only, other things are also considered while
making the decision like achievements, assignments, attendance etc.
• Simple Studies:
Grading make the study easier as the students with intention of
getting pass marks, only can easily achieve their target. Whereas the
learners with the motive of achieving high grades can split their study into
different sections and perform well.
• Classification of Students:
With the grading system, teachers are able to classify the
students into the different groups like bright students, average students
and below average students so that teachers can pay more attention
towards the average and below average students and make the concept
clear to them in a better way because every individual have his own
understanding capability.

12. DEMERITS OF GRADING SYSTEM
• Decreased Performance:
Decrease in the performance of learners is one of the drawbacks of the
grading system. As students know that they can easily get the targeted grades so
they don’t put the much efforts in the studies, if the student’s target is the A grade,
he knows that if he gets 90 marks he will be put under A grade so he doesn’t target
for the 100 marks.
• Accuracy in Result:
The grading system fails in showing the accurate performance of the
students. We can only get to know about the grade achieved by students instead of
the actual ability of the student.
• Competition Decreased:
Students just focus on attaining the passing marks instead of putting
their main focus on getting highest marks, this results into the decreased
competition among the learners which make them lazy and drop their intellectual
level.
• Demotivation:
The grading system demotivate the bright students as the grade A range
is between 90% to 100%, so the student who scores 90% get grade A on the same
hand the student getting 95% also get grade A due to which brighter student lose
his confidence.
• Increased Lethargy:
As we know that assignments, projects and attendance are counted in
the grades. So, students perform well in these activities and got grades instead of
performing well in exams which results in the increased lethargy.