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Vascul lecture
1. VASCULITIS.
It means ―inflammation of the walls of the
vessels‖ and can be associated to many
different clinical conditions.
CLASSIFICATION.
*Direct Infection.
-Bacterial(Neisseria)
-Rickettsial(spotted fever)
-Spirochetal(Syphilis)
-Fungal(aspergillosis)
-Viral(herpes zoster)
9. GIANT CELL (TEMPORAL)
ARTERITIS.
A vasculitis of unknown etiology occurring
primarily in the elderly. Other terms
commonly used include temporal arteritis,
cranial arteritis and granulomatous arteritis.
Is the MOST common form of systemic
vasculitis in adults, acute or chronic, often
granulomatous inflammation of large/small
size. It affects temporal arteries, but also
vertebral, ophtalmic (blindness) and aorta
(aneurysm)
Involved arteries have nodular thickening
reduction of lumenthrombosis.
Granulomatous inflammation in inner half of
media with mononuclear cells+ giant cells.
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18. GIANT CELL (TEMPORAL)
ARTERITIS.
CLINICAL: old patients with:
◦ fever,
◦ fatigue,
◦ loss of weight,
◦ with or w/o facial pain and headache.
19. GIANT CELL (TEMPORAL)
ARTERITIS.
Others, with more severe form and
involvement of ophtalmic arterydiplopia
or blindness of abrupt onset.
Dx.: significantly elevated ESR + arterial
biopsy.
21. TAKAYASU ARTERITIS.
Takayasu’s arteritis is a chronic
inflammatory disorder of unknown
etiology primarily affecting the aorta
and its major branches.
Predominant in females below 40´s
w/probable autoimmune mechanism,
Arteritis may also affects pulmonary
arteries in ½ of cases as well as
coronary/renal arteries.
22. Aortic arch
arteriogram in a
patient with
Takayasu‘s arteritis.
Smooth tapered
stenosis of bilateral
common carotid
arteries (upper
arrows) and of the
right subclavian
artery (lower arrow)
can be seen. There is
poststenotic
dilatation beyond the
left common carotid
narrowed segment.
Total involvement is
seen along the
26. TAKAYASU ARTERITIS.(cont.)
CLINICAL:
◦ reduced brachial pulse,
◦ difference in BP between R & L arm >10 mm
Hg,
◦ Coldness + numbness of fingers,
◦ bruising above a subclavia and/or aorta,
◦ hypertension, visual defectsblindness.
28. POLYARTERITIS NODOSA
Is a small/medium sized arteritis affecting
multiple organs (skin, peripheral nerves,
gut, kidney and heart.
Age of onset is from childhoodlate
adulthood (average
40´s) and it has been associated
w/Hepatitis B,C or both (most common in
injection drug abusers).
Probably mediated by immune complexes
(Igs + viral Ags)circulating and
deposited in inflammed vessels.
35. POLYARTERITIS NODOSA
◦ diastolic pressure >90 mm Hg,
◦ mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy
◦ palpable purpura,
◦ livedo reticularis,
◦ digital gangrene or tender nodules
36. POLYARTERITIS NODOSA
◦ Renal involvementhypertension.
◦ In GI tract abdominal angina (hemorrhage,
perforation).
◦ In heart: myocarditis/myocardial infarction.
◦ Eye: scleritis.
37. POLYARTERITIS NODOSA
Dx.
◦ Elevated BUN or creatinine
◦ Proven hepatitis B/C virus infection
◦ Angiographic signs of
aneuryms/vascular
occlusion
◦ Demonstration of granulocytes in small
or medium sized vessels (biopsy).
38. BUERGER´S DISEASE
Also known as Thromboangiitis obliterans,
is characterized by segmental thrombosis
+ acute/chronic inflammation of medium
and small arteries MOSTLY
tibial and radial arteries, and secondarily
involvement of veins and nerves of limbs.
Apparently heavy cigarette-smokers are
MOST frequently affected (endoth. cells
hypersensitivity?)
39. BUERGER´S DISEASE
Microscopically: acute + chronic
inflammation in arterial walls +
thrombosisorganization/recanalization.
Also, thrombosis contains microabscesses
+ granulomatous inflammationextension
to veins/nerves.
Late complication: chronic ulceration of
toes or fingersgangrene.
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43. BUERGER´S DISEASE
CLINICAL:
Claudication in feet and/or hands
sometimes centrally
radiated. Also, numbness and/or tingling
in limbs + Raynaud´s phenomenon.
Skin ulcerations + gangrene of digits
45. KAWASAKI DISEASE
(Mucocutaneous lymph node
syndrome).
Is an arteritis that frequently affects coronary
arteries USUALLY in children/infants
(about 80% are < 4 yrs old)
Associated w/mucocutaneous lymph node
syndrome of acute and self-limited evolution:
◦ fever, conjunctivitis, sore throat,
◦ generalized rash, redding of palms/soles,
peeling of fingers/ toes and mucopurulent
cervical lymphadenopathy.
It is epidemic in Japan, Hawaii and US
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47. KAWASAKI DISEASE
Dx.:
◦ Leukocytosis (PMN´s), thrombocytosis.
◦ Some children have ANCA+ in plasma
and
◦ Aprox.1/5 of patients involvement of
coronary arteries/myocardium
aneurysm/myocarditis that usually
resolves spontaneously(mortality 2%).
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52. Behçet’s Syndrome
A systemic vasculitis of unknown cause
with mucocutaneous and frequent ocular
and musculoskeletal involvement.
A marked geographic distribution is
characterized by highest prevalence in
Turkey, Iran and Japan.
53. Behçet’s Syndrome: Clinical
features
Recurrent oral and/or genital aphthous
ulceration.
Chronic relapsing uveitis leading to
blindness in 10% of all cases.
A variety of skin manifestations, including
the ‗pathergy‘ phenomenon.
Musculoskeletal, neurologic, major artery
and vein involvement.
An undulating course that generally
abates in intensity with the passage of
time.
55. MICROSCOPIC
POLYANGIITIS
It affects arterioles, capillaries and
venules (smaller than PAN) and
the leions are in the same stage.
Typically presents as ―palpable purpura‖
(skin), but also with mucous membranes,
lungs, brain, heart, GI tract, kidneys,
muscle, PNS.
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60. MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS
CLINICAL:
◦ Necrotizing GN (90%)hematuria
◦ Lungshemoptysis
◦ GI tractabdominal pain
◦ Jointsarthralgias
◦ Weight loss(>70%)
◦ Nerve damage(60%)numbness/tingling in
limbs.
◦ Chronically: muscle wasting
◦ Skin: purpura(>60%) in legs, feet, buttocks
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63. MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS
About 70% of patients may have a clear
relation with a recent immunologic
reaction to an Ag (drugs, microrganisms,
tumor Ags,etc) having + pANCAS.
MPA is quite similar histologically to PAN
microscopic changes EXCEPT that
muscular/large
arteries are usually spared.
It reminds Wegener vasculitis BUT w/o
granulomatosis.
64. CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME
Asthma is the cardinal clinical feature of CSS (8-
10 yrs BEFORE symptoms of vasculitis) with 8-10
yrs of evolutionrespiratory failure.
Eosinophilia(>10% in CBC)
Allergy
Mono/polyneuropathy(ocular symptoms)
Lung hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pulmonary
infiltrates
Changes in paranasal sinuses
Eosinophilic granulomatosis vasculitis/perivasc.
Abdominal cramps/heart failure(myocarditis)
70. History of Wegener’s
In 1936, Wegener first described a distinct
syndrome in three patients found to have
necrotizing granulomas involving the
upper and lower respiratory tract.
In 1954, seven more patients described,
resulting in definite criteria
71. Criteria for Classification
Nasal or oral inflammation
◦ Development of painful or painless oral ulcers or purulent
or bloody nasal discharge
Abnormal chest radiograph
◦ Chest radiograph showing the presence of nodules, fixed
infiltrates, or cavities
Abnormal Urinary sediment
◦ Microhematuria (>5 red blood cells per high power field)
or red cell casts in urine sediment
Granulomatous inflammation on
biopsy
◦ Histologic changes showing granulomatous inflammation
within the wall of an artery or in the perivascular or
extravascular area (artery or arteriole)
* For purposes of classification, a patient shall be said to have
Wegener's granulomatosis if at least 2 of these 4 criteria are
present. The presence of any 2 or more criteria yields a sensitivity
of 88.2% and a specificity of 92.0%
75. Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal crusting
Frequent
nosebleeds
Erosion and
perforation of
the nasal
septum.
◦ The bridge of the nose can
collapse resulting in a
―saddle–nose deformity‖.
80. Kidney
Glomerulonephritis w/ associated
hematuria and proteinuria
Can lead to renal failure if not treated
aggressively
Active urine sediment: red blood cell casts
83. Miscellaneous
Joints
◦ Arthritis can occur, with joint swelling and
pain
Nerves
◦ Peripheral nerve involvement leads to
numbness, tingling, shooting pains in the
extremities, and sometimes to weakness in
a foot, hand, arm, or leg
Meninges
Prostate gland
Genito–urinary tract
Constitutional symptoms of fatigue, low–
grade fever, and weight loss
84. Incidence of symptoms
Symptom At Onset
Total
ENT 75% 95%
Lung 50 85
Joints 30 70
Fever 25 50
Kidney 20 75
Cough 20 50
Eye 15 50
Skin 15 45
Weight Loss 10 35
Nervous System (Central/Peripheral) 0 10/15
One-third of patients may be without symptoms at onset of
disease
85. Pathogenesis
ANCA
ANCAs may be not only markers for
Wegener's granulomatosis and related
disorders, but they may also be actors in
pathogenesis
Neutrophils exposed to cytokines such as
TNF, express PR3 & MPO (the targets for
ANCAs)
Adding ANCAs to these cytokine-primed
neutrophils causes them to generate
oxygen radicals and release enzymes
capable of damaging blood vessels.
91. Diagnosis
Nasal or oral inflammation
◦ Development of painful or painless oral ulcers or
purulent or bloody nasal discharge
Abnormal chest radiograph
◦ Chest radiograph showing the presence of nodules, fixed
infiltrates, or cavities
Abnormal urinary sediment
◦ Microhematuria (>5 red blood cells per high power field)
or red cell casts in urine sediment
Granulomatous inflammation on
biopsy
◦ Histologic changes showing granulomatous inflammation
within the wall of an artery or in the perivascular or
extravascular area (artery or arteriole)
Criteria for Classification
92. Management
Vasculitides are often serious and
sometimes fatal
- require prompt recognition and therapy
Treatment – helpful
- particularly in the acute phase
During maintenance therapy
- adverse effects
- superimposed infections
93. Management cont.
Early deaths – due to active disease
Late deaths – may be due to the
complications of therapy
The risk-versus-benefit ratio of any
therapeutic approach should be weighed
carefully
94. Management cont.
Glucocorticoides and/or
immunosuppressive therapy should be
instituted immediately in diseases where
irreversible organ system dysfunction and
high morbidity and mortality have been
clearly established
Aggressive therapy should be avoided for
vasculitic manifestations that rarely
results in irreversible organ system
dysfunction and that usually do not
respond to such therapy
95. Management cont.
Treatment of aggressive small vessel vasculitis
1. Induction of remission
2. Maintenance of remission
3. Treatment of relapse
Induction therapy (to 3 months after remission, usually 6
months from diagnosis)
Cyclophosphamide 2.0mg/kg/day (maximum
200mg/day)
Age > 60years, reduce dose by 25%
> 75years, by 50%
Prednisolone 1mg/kg/day (maximum 80mg/day)
reduced weekly to 25mg/day by 8 weeks and then
more slowly to 10mg/day by 6 months
96. Management cont.
In severe, life threatening disease
(pulmonary haemorrhage, severe
crescentic glomerulonephritis with
creatinine > 500μmol/L) consider,
◦ Plasma exchange, 7-10 treatments over
14 days or
◦ Three pulses of methylprednisolone,
15mg/kg/day for 3 days
97. Management cont.
Maintenance therapy (to 18-24 months, longer
if clinically indicated)
Azathioprine, 2.0mg/kg/day (maximum
200mg/day)
Age > 60yrs, reduce dose by 25%
> 75yrs, by 50%
Relapse therapy
Major relapse: return to induction therapy
Minor relapse: increase dose of corticosteroid
98. Management cont.
Stop cyclophosphamide or azathioprine if
WBC < 4x109/L.
Restart with a dose reduced by at least 25mg
when WBC > 4x109/L on 2 consecutive tests.
99. Management cont.
Most of other systemic vasculitides need at
least corticosteroids
Usual dose is 1mg/kg at the induction
Gradual tapering during the remission