Overview of Computer Systems

1. 1
Computer Architecture – An Overview
Session by
C.UDHAYAKUMAR, AP/ECEEC 8552 – Computer Architecture and Organization

2. 2
Agenda of the session
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• Course Preface
• Course Objective
• Syllabus
• Introduction to Basic Organization of a Computer
• Video Clip of Computer Architecture and Organization

3. 3
Course Preface
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• The definition of the term “organizing” is to put together into an orderly, functional,
and structured whole.
• The term Computer Organization refers to a conceptual understanding of the inner
workings of computers.
Computer Organization
Computer Architecture:
• Computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational
structure of a computer system.
• It is a functional description of requirements and design implementations for the
various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central
processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.

4. 4
Course Objective
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• To make students understand the basic structure and operation of digital computer.
• To understand the hardware-software interface.
• To familiarize the students with arithmetic and logic unit and implementation of fixed
point and floating- point arithmetic operations.
• To expose the students to the concept of pipelining.
• To familiarize the students with hierarchical memory system including cache
memories and virtual memory.
• To expose the students with different ways of communicating with I/O devices and
standard I/O interfaces.

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Syllabus
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Unit 1 - COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & INSTRUCTIONS
Basics of a computer system: Evolution, Ideas, Technology, Performance, Power wall,
Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors. Addressing and addressing modes. Instructions:
Operations and Operands, Representing instructions, Logical operations, control
operations.

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Unit II –ARITHMETIC
Fixed point Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division. Floating Point
arithmetic, High performance arithmetic, Subword parallelism
Unit III –THE PROCESSOR
Introduction, Logic Design Conventions, Building a Data path - A Simple
Implementation scheme - An Overview of Pipelining - Pipelined Data path and
Control. Data Hazards: Forwarding versus Stalling, Control Hazards, Exceptions,
Parallelism via Instructions.

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Unit IV - MEMORY AND I/O ORGANIZATION
Memory hierarchy, Memory Chip Organization, Cache memory, Virtual memory.
Parallel Bus Architectures, Internal Communication Methodologies, Serial Bus
Architectures, Mass storage, Input and Output Devices.
Unit V - ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Parallel processing architectures and challenges, Hardware multithreading,
Multicourse and shared memory multiprocessors, Introduction to Graphics Processing
Units, Clusters and Warehouse scale computers - Introduction to Multiprocessor
network topologies.

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Basic Organization of a Computer
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The Processor
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• Performs processing and control activities performed by
different parts of computer.
• Carries out the instructions contained in a computer
program by performing arithmetic, logical, control and
input/output operations.
• Most modern CPUs are contained on a single Integrated
Circuit (IC) chip and as such are called microprocessors.
• A processor can have two or more CPUs or independent
processing units called “cores” on a single chip and such
processor is called a multi-core processor.

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Memory Hierarchy

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Primary and Secondary Memory
• Primary memory is computer memory
that is accessed directly by the CPU.
• Secondary Memory Communicates
indirectly with CPU via main memory.
So, It is slower than the main memory.

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Input Devices

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Output Devices

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System Bus
• Electrical pathway that transfer data
and instructions among different
parts of computer.
• Data Bus
• Address Bus
• Control Bus

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Von Neumann Architecture

16. 16
Harvard Architecture

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Video Clip of Computer Architecture
and Organization
https://youtu.be/OqbAWydNlcw

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Session Handler Details
C.Udhayakumar,
AP/ECE
udhayakumar.c@sece.ac.in