3. Objectives
⢠Introduction to PEPFAR
⢠Basic PEPFAR concepts and issues
⢠Current problems confronting PEPFAR
⢠Example of one issue (HTS)
4. PEPFAR
⢠Presidentâs Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief
â Largest global health initiative against a single
disease in world history
⢠As ID physicians, we should know what is
happening in this extremely large program
â Decisions in PEPFAR essentially dictate the global
response to HIV
9. PEPFAR Goals
⢠Based on HPTN 052, most dollars are going
towards test and treat
⢠Also significant funding for other known
effective interventions, such as PMTCT and
VMMC
10. Understanding PEPFARese
⢠Acronyms and DC-speak
⢠PEPFAR is a conglomeration of USAID (60%),
CDC (30%) and OGAC, DoD, PC, HRSA (the
rest).
⢠About $5 billion/year
⢠PEPFAR countries are about where you would
expect â some (shrinking) exceptions
11. Program Codes
⢠01. MTCT â PMTCT
⢠02. HVAB â Abstinence/be faithful
⢠03. HVOP â Other sexual prevention
⢠04. HMBL â Blood safety
⢠05. HMIN â Injection safety
⢠06. IDUP â Prevention among injecting and non-injecting drug users
⢠07. CIRC â Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC)
⢠08. HTS â HIV testing services
⢠09. HBHC â Adult Care and Support
⢠10. HTXS â Adult Treatment
⢠11. PDCS â Pediatric Care and Support
⢠12. PDTX â Pediatric Treatment
⢠13. HVTB â TB/HIV
⢠14. HKID â Orphans and Vulnerable Children
⢠15. HTXD â ARV Drugs
⢠16. HLAB â Laboratory infrastructure
⢠17. HVSI â Strategic information
⢠18. OHSS â Health Systems Strengthening
12. Current Goals
⢠â95-95-95â
⢠The idea is that if
â 95% of all HIV+ people know their status
â AND 95% of those people who know their status are
placed on ART
â AND 95% of those on ART achieve âundetectableâ VL
(= <1000)
â We will have epidemic control
⢠Epidemic control is defined by PEPFAR as deaths
from HIV > new cases
13. Key PEPFAR Ideas
⢠Pivot
â Moving resources from where they arenât needed
to where they are needed. Started after it was
discovered PEPFAR funds were supporting clinics
with few or no HIV patients in them
⢠Yield
â As in âhigh yieldâ.
⢠Linkage to care
14. Concentrated vs Generalized
⢠Concentrated HIV epidemic: HIV has spread rapidly in one or more defined
subpopulation but is not well established in the general population. Numerical
proxy: HIV prevalence is consistently over 5% in at least one defined subpopulation
but is less than 1% among pregnant women in urban areas.
⢠Generalized HIV epidemic: HIV is firmly established in the general population.
Numerical proxy: HIV prevalence consistently exceeding 1% among pregnant
women. Most generalized HIV epidemics are mixed in nature, in which certain
(key) subpopulations are disproportionately affected.
⢠Mixed epidemics: people are acquiring HIV infection in one or more
subpopulations and in the general population. Mixed epidemics are therefore one
or more concentrated epidemics within a generalized epidemic.
⢠Low-level epidemic: epidemics in which the prevalence of HIV infection has not
consistently exceeded 1% in the general population nationally or 5% in any
subpopulation.
WHO, Consolidated ARV guidelines, June 2013
15. PEPFAR Targets
⢠Geographic risk areas
⢠Women under 25
⢠Men under 35
⢠KPs
⢠School-age children
⢠PMTCT, VMMC
⢠Hot spots (a new target)
16. Geographic Data
⢠We can focus additional resources at spots
where the epidemic is most intense
⢠Can fluctuate (theoretically) over time, so the
response needs to be able to adjust (hot
spots)
21. Progress Toward 90-90-90 Among Adults by Age
Bands: Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Zambia 2016
*The number within each bar represents the conditional percentage while the height of each
bar represents the absolute percentage of all PLHIV.
46.4 64.8
77.8
70.4
82.3
80.7
90.1
87.0
79.3
88.1
89.8
88.6
0
50
100
15-24 25-34 35-59 15-59
Aware On Treatment Virally Suppressed
22. Focus on KPs
⢠Depends on country
⢠Index partner testing
â Seems obvious but it is quite difficult is SSA
⢠Self-testing?
⢠Under the radar medical clinics
⢠Injection safety
33. Realities of HIV Testing under Program
Conditions
ďśPoor training and training often done by lay
counsellor
ďśTesting algorithm and procedures not followed
ďśDisorganized work space
ďśRun-time not followed, no timers
ďśSafety concerns
ďśPoor finger-prick procedure
ďśPT program inconsistent
ďśLittle or no supervision
ďśNo corrective actions/feedback
32Source: CDC RDTQII presentation
34. Our Data From Select Surveys
Total
Tested HIV-
positive
Tested HIV-
negative
HIV
Prevalence
Self-reported HIV-positive status N n (%)a
n (%)a
(%)
Military Ab
146 13 (8.9) 133 (91.1) ⤠5
Military Bc
30 18 (60.0) 12 (40.0) ⤠5
Military Cd
29 24 (82.8) 5 (17.2) ⼠15
Military Dc
96 83 (86.5) 13 (13.5) ⼠10
Military Ed
36 33 (91.7) 3 (8.3) ⼠15
Military Fd
32 30 (93.8) 2 (6.3) ⼠15
Military Gd
90 87 (96.7) 3 (3.3) ⼠15
Harbertson J, PLoS One; 2017; 12(7): e0180796
39. The Plan
⢠Continue PT testing of RDT staff
⢠Monitor testing via lab verification
⢠Repeat PT testing in 6 months
⢠Results should improve
40. Five Pillars of RTQII
⢠Develop and implement policy
⢠Engage stakeholders & advocate for
resource allocation
Policy Engagement
⢠Train and certify testers
⢠Create network of testers
Human Resources
Development
⢠Participate in PT program (DTS)
⢠Analyze data for corrective actions
Increasing Proficiency
Testing
39
41. Five Pillars of RTQII (contâd)
⢠Scale up use of standardized HTC register
⢠Analyze logbook data regularly for
corrective actions
Scaling up Standardized
HTC Register
⢠Strength national capacity to implement
verification of new & post market
surveillance
Lot testing & post market
surveillance
40