This document discusses different types of sentences and their structures. It defines simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. For each sentence type, the key elements are identified, such as subjects and predicates. Punctuation rules are provided for different structures using coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions. Commas are used to separate clauses and indicate punctuation placement for conjunctive adverbs. The review section restates key punctuation rules for different sentence structures.
12. SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject
and
compound predicate
No comma before “and”
in compound
subjects and predicates!
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
21. Conjunctive Adverbs “float”
• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes
called “floating” adverbs because they
can be positioned at the beginning, in
the middle, or at the end of a clause.
26. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE END
Note: Place a comma before
a conjunctive adverb
at the end!
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
27. Semicolons
• “If the relation between the ideas
expressed in the main clauses is very
close and obvious without a
conjunction, you can separate the
clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown
Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
37. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:
COMBINES BOTH TYPES
Punctuate each clause
according to its rules!
Mike is popular because he is good
looking, but he is not very happy.
41. Semicolon before conjunctive
adverb
Comma after conjunctive
adverb!
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs; however, some schools fail to
distinguish between these groups.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Conjunctive Adverb
42. Semicolon after first
independent clause--
Commas before and after conjunctive
adverb!
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs; some schools, however, fail to
distinguish between these groups.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Conjunctive Adverb--in the middle
43. Semicolon after first
independent clause--
Comma before conjunctive
adverb!
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs; some schools fail to distinguish
between these groups, however.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Conjunctive Adverb at the end
44. When main clause is first,
it is not usually followed by a comma!
People had continuous moderate
exercise when they had to hunt for food.
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
45. When the adverb clause is first,
it is followed by a comma!
When people had to hunt for food, they had
continuous moderate exercise.
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
46. References
Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice
Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison,
Wesley, Longman, 1999.
The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and
Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.