1. Just to remind you…

3. Meander bend on the River Conwy A B A cross section through a meander River Cliff FEATURE Slip off slope Erosion PROCESS Deposition Deep DEPTH Shallow Fast SPEED OF FLOW Slow CONCAVE CONVEX

6. What factors increase The risk of flooding? * Impermeable rock * Hard dry soil * Very wet soil *steep slopes * Cutting down trees Building in the drainage basin * Many tributaries

7. Flood protection *Dams hold back flood waters *reservoirs store floodwater *straighten channels Increases speed of flow *Dredging Makes channel deeper so can hold more water *levees and embankments Prevents river from overflowing *land use zoning Restricts development to uses unaffected by flooding *afforestation Increases interception etc, reduces run off

8. Management of water quality and amenities River pollution *nitrates from fertilisers causes eutrophication Water taken from river for cooling in power stations is returned warmer and de-oxygenates water Poisonous / smelling waste from industrial sites Domestic sewage containing dissolved chemicals such as phosphorous from washing powder

11. corries

13. Grain silos and combines, crops 11. Less labour – more mechanised farming 10. More farm labour Larger, regular shape 9. Irregular shaped fields Fewer fields 8. Many fields Amalgamated farms 7.Small farm buildings and farm size Large, modern farm buildings, grain silos, concrete 6.Traditional small farm buildings, stone built Diversification – golf course & carpark 5. All fields Few trees, hedgerows removed 4. Hedges and isolated trees Roads 3.Limited accessibility to farm Tractors, combines 2.Horse pulled cart, plough Much larger fields 1. Small fields 1995 1935

15. Case study – Waterside House Farm Annual rainfall high 2000mm Leaches nutrients Low cloud common – no photosynthesis High - 2000mm per year Steepnes means it runs off quickly Is high 1476mm per year Water drains down the valley – throughflow and so water table is near surface too wet for growing crops Rainfall Soil is thin, stony and acidic with few plant nutrients Soil is thin and stony in higher areas sticky acidic soils in lower parts Gravelly and silty so it is well drained Some is a sticky clay which is impermeable and acidic Soil Cliffs Too steep for machinery and to improve vegetation Bare rock common Too steep for machinery Gently sloping so that tractors can be used At lake level – may be boggy Only 4ha are flat - not enough space for crops Relief Barton Fell – 520m Sheep can be kept on this land Supports fewer sheep than intake 81ha 160 – 330m rough pasture with many scattered vegetation can only be used for sheep grazing 32ha improved grassland used for growing grass to make silage in summer and to graze sheep in winter Fell land Intake Inbye

22. 2004, P1 Study Figure 2 on the insert which is an aerial photograph of a new urban development on the rural-urban fringe of Bristol.

27. Commuter Villages & Commuters! Commuter Villages: Commuter villages: Commuters: Commuters: Disadvantages Advantages

29. Characteristics of footloose industries movie

38. Nearby industrial and domestic demand provide the necessary high head of water Steep upland gradients or former waterfall Cheap land, sparsely populated Impermeable rock – water does not soak through Narrow valleys are ideal for dam construction and water storage Upland areas where narrow valleys with strong and impermeable rock Large and regular rainfall Relief rainfall ( > 1500mm pa) Low rates of evaporation provides a constant supply of water Found mainly in the north and west of the UK in upland areas REASON HEP REQUIREMENTS

40. Wind energy 2004

41. Textbook pg 57 - 58 The wind speeds are higher in the west of the country In Britain there are more days when winds blow from the west than from any other direction so there are more days when the wind turbines can be operated. Higher up wind speeds are faster and there are fewer obstacles to block the wind. In areas with high and regular wind speeds. Found in exposed coastal locations or in remote upland areas REASON WIND REQUIREMENTS

46. H Q3b Study fig 4 which shows the location of some wind farms in the UK Explain why these locations are likely to have been chosen F Q3c Study fig 4 which shows the location of some wind farms in the UK Using figure 4 and your own knowledge, explain the locations of wind farms in the UK