1. Evolution and function of the P. sojae effectorome: What we’ve learned from next generation sequencing Brett Tyler Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Tech
7. Plant defenses and effectors Effectors suppress PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) Extracellular effector intracellular effector R R immunity PRR Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) Pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) PTI R R ETI Some effectors suppress ETI Some effectors suppress PTI
8. Effector – R gene Coevolutionary struggle Hein et al Molecular Plant Path (2009)
9.
10. Loss of Avr gene function by mutation P. infestans Avr4 (van Poppel et al., 2008) Additional examples: C. fulvum Avr4
19. Effector Gene Expression Program Affymetrix GeneChip data quantile-normalized to an external reference E E
20. Expression Patterns of Elicitors and Suppressors log2 expression levels 0 3 6 12 hours post-inoculation (biotrophic phase) elicitors suppressors suppression Early expressed effectors suppress plant response to later effectors
21. 1.GFP+GFP+INF1 2.Avh172+GFP+INF1 3.GFP+Avh238+INF1 4.GFP+Avh238+INF1 5.Avh172+Avh238+INF1 6.GFP+Avh238 7.Avh172+Avh238 Avh172 1 6 4 5 2 3 7 Cooperation among effectors Avh238 INF1 Yuanchao Wang Nanjing Agricultural University immediate-early early PAMP
22. 1.GFP+GFP+INF1 2.Avh172+GFP+INF1 3.GFP+Avh238+INF1 4.GFP+Avh238+INF1 5.Avh172+Avh238+INF1 6.GFP+Avh238 7.Avh172+Avh238 Avh172 1 6 4 5 2 3 7 Cooperation among effectors Avh238 INF1 Yuanchao Wang Nanjing Agricultural University immediate-early early PAMP
23. 1.GFP+GFP+INF1 2.Avh172+GFP+INF1 3.GFP+Avh238+INF1 4.GFP+Avh238+INF1 5.Avh172+Avh238+INF1 6.GFP+Avh238 7.Avh172+Avh238 Avh172 1 6 4 5 2 3 7 Cooperation among effectors Avh238 INF1 Yuanchao Wang Nanjing Agricultural University immediate-early early PAMP
24. 1.GFP+GFP+INF1 2.Avh172+GFP+INF1 3.GFP+Avh238+INF1 4.GFP+Avh238+INF1 5.Avh172+Avh238+INF1 6.GFP+Avh238 7.Avh172+Avh238 Avh172 1 6 4 5 2 3 7 Cooperation among effectors Avh238 INF1 Yuanchao Wang Nanjing Agricultural University immediate-early early PAMP
25. 1.GFP+GFP+INF1 2.Avh172+GFP+INF1 3.GFP+Avh238+INF1 4.GFP+Avh238+INF1 5.Avh172+Avh238+INF1 6.GFP+Avh238 7.Avh172+Avh238 Avh172 1 6 4 5 2 3 7 Cooperation among effectors Avh238 INF1 Yuanchao Wang Nanjing Agricultural University immediate-early early PAMP
26. Avh172 and Avh238 are essential for infection Stable and transient silencing of effector genes in P. sojae
27. RNA seq reveals that disproportionately few genes contribute most transcripts P. sojae RXLR effector genes ranked by expression during infection
28. Expression and variation of the P. sojae effectorome Mutations Per gene > 10 5-10 1-4 0 Expression during infection (log 2 RPKM) Expression in mycelia (log 2 RPKM) Avh172 Avh238
31. Predictions: a few genes contribute most to virulence many gene duplications and pseudogenes Individual contributions cumulative contribtions Contributions of genes to virulence in model Effector genes ranked by virulence contribution DEATH Virulence Contribution 50% 90% BIRTH
32. Predictions: a few genes contribute most to virulence P. sojae RXLR effector genes ranked by expression during infection Avh172 Avh238