1. Financial Management = managerial activity which is concerned with the planning and
controlling of the firm’s financial resources.
2) Business finance = business activity which is concerned with the acquisition and
conservation of capital funds in meeting financial needs and overall objectives of
business enterprises.
3) Finance function = management of funds, raising and using them effectively. 2 types
are executive finance function and incidental finance function
4) Executive finance function = requires administrative skill in planning and execution
eg – determining allocation of funds, sources of funds, establishing asset management
5) Incidental finance function = covers routine work, mainly clerical in nature that is
necessary to carry into effect the financial decisions at executive level. Eg – supervision
of cash receipts and disbursements, record-keeping
6) Investment decisions = allocation of funds and includes capital budgeting and
working capital management. Relates to the selection of assets in which funds are to be
invested
7) Financing decisions = decisions regarding the process of raising funds which are
available through commercial banks, financial institutions, primary market
Dividend decisions = decided on the basis of the present earnings, growth rate and
opportunities for expansion and diversification. It should be aimed to maximize the
wealth of the shareholders
9) Profit maximization = actions that increase profits should be undertaken and those
that decrease profits are to be avoided under this approach
10) Wealth maximization = it is value maximization and under this approach, the
investment, financing and dividend decisions are directed towards maximization of
shareholders wealth
11) Business risk/investment risk = associated with the fluctuations in a firm’s earnings.
The more the variations in the earnings streams, the greater the business risk faced by the
firm
12) Systematic/undiversifiable risk = associated with the fluctuations in the firm’s
earnings due to social, economic and political changes which cannot be avoided. It arises
due to inflation, money supply, level of government spending, level of rainfall
13) Unsystematic/diversifiable risk = refers to that portion of the risk which is caused
due to factors unique to a firm or an industry. It is change in the price of stock of a
particular firm or industry. Eg- if a price of material increases due to customs or excise
duty, the price of product also increases and the share prices fall
14) Credit/default risk = possibility that if a company is ill-managed resulting in lower
earning or losses, then the equity shareholders and debenture-holders can loose the loan
principal amount
15) Interest rate risk = risk due to the increase in the bank interest rates or decrease in
the interest rates on deposits
16) Inflation risk = arises due to change in the purchasing power of money due to
inflation. It is a systematic risk and affects all types of investments
17) Liquidity risk = risk of inability to pay the obligations or assets on time
18) Market risk = caused by the influence of macro-economic factors such as foreign
exchange rate fluctuation, trade deficits, employment level, industrial and agricultural
production

2. 19) Political risk = any change in political stability or fiscal policies like taxation laws,
custom and excise duties affect the market value of securities
20) Financial risk = connected to the capital structure decision of the firm and depends
on the leverage of the firm’s capital structure
21) Marketability risk = arises as certain companies may fail to get their stocks listed in
good stock exchanges
22) Management risk = arises due to bad management decisions and involves wrong
calculations of the intrinsic value of investment
23) Industry risk = arises due to risk factors like change in taxation policies, licensing
policies of the government, RIM support, technology levels
24) Ratio analysis = process of comparison of one figure against another which makes a
ratio and it helps in finding the strengths and weaknesses of the operations of the
organization
25) Current ratio = measures the short term solvency of the business by comparing the
current assets with the current liabilities
26) Quick ratio = immediate solvency of the business position of the company and
indicates very short term financial strength, soundness and solvency of a concern
27) Stock working capital ratio = expresses the relationship between closing stock and
working capital
28) Proprietary ratio or equity ratio or net worth ratio = measures the relationship
between funds invested in the business by the owners with the total funds invested in the
business
29) Capital gearing ratio = explains the relationship between fixed term capital and
loans carrying fixed rate of dividend/interest
30) Debt-equity ratio = measures the debt and owned funds of a company
31) Gross profit ratio = reflects the operating efficiency and pricing policies of the
business
32) Operating profit ratio = indicates the relationship between operating net profits to
sales and also indicates the profitability of the business after meeting all operating costs
33) Net profit ratio = indicates the efficiency of financing operations and tax
management and shows the overall efficiency of the business
34) Inventory turnover ratio = indicates the number of times the replacements of
inventory during the given period usually one year. Higher the ratio, the more efficient is
the management of inventory
35) Return on investment ratio = measures the overall performance of the company
with regards to the utilization by management of total resources or funds available with
the company. It is also known as the ‘return on capital employed’
36) Return on net worth = measures the productivity of the proprietor’s funds. It is also
known as ‘return on proprietors’ funds’
37) Earning per share = indicates the changes in wealth per shareholder over a period of
time. Higher the ratio, higher the possibility of higher dividends and increase in the
market price of the share
38) Receivables turnover ratio = indicates the average credit period enjoyed by debtors
and efficiency of debtor’s management
39) Interest coverage ratio = reflects the capacity of a business to pay its interest burden
40) Fixed assets turnover ratio = indicates the extent of the utilization of fixed assets

3. like plant and machinery by the management
41) Total assets turnover ratio = indicates how the assets are employed overall
42) Price earning ratio = indicates the relationship between market price of a share and
the current earnings per share
43) Window dressing = refers to the art of showing the position of an organization at a
better level than the existing one i.e. the true value of assets and liabilities is not shown
on the balance sheet
44) Financial statements = summarized accounts of the transactions of the organization
for and at the end of a particular period. It includes Profit and loss a/c, Balance sheet
45) Financial statement analysis = systematic and specialized treatment of the
information found in financial statements so as to derive useful conclusions on the
profitability and solvency of the business entity concerned
46) Profitability analysis = users of financial statements may analyse financial
statements to decide past and present profitability of the business
47) Liquidity analysis = done by suppliers and money lenders to find out the ability of
the company to meet its obligations
48) Solvency analysis = test the ability of the company to repay debts
49) Intra-firm analysis = analysis of performance of the organization over number of
years
50) Inter-firm analysis = comparison of 2 or more organizations in terms of various
financial variables
51) Standard analysis = one set of financial statements of an organization is analyzed on
the basis of standard set for the firm
52) Horizontal analysis = comparison of figures reported in financial statements of 2 or
more consecutive years
53) Vertical analysis = comparing figures in the financial statements of a single period
54) Comparative financial statements = facilitate comparison of different accounting
variables for drawing useful inferences
55) Common size statements = bring out the ratio of each asset or liability to the total of
the balance sheet and the ratio of each item of expense or revenue to net sales
56) Trend percentages = to analyze the trend of data shown in a series of financial
statements of several successive years
Formulae:-
A) Solvency Ratio-
1) Current ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
2) Liquid/Quick/Acid-test ratio = Quick Assets/Quick Liabilities
3) Proprietary Ratio = Proprietor’s funds / total assets * 100
B) Capital Structure Ratio –
1) Debt Equity Ratio = Debt/Equity or Debt / Debt+ Equity
2) Capital gearing ratio = Capital with fixed rate of return / capital not with fixed rate of
return
C) Turnover (Efficiency) Ratios-
1) Inventory turnover ratio = cost of goods sold/ average stock

4. 2) Inventory velocity = average stock / average daily cost of goods sold
3) Debtor’s turnover ratio = credit sales / average (debtors + bills receivables)
4) Debtors’ Velocity (DSO) = Debtors + Bills receivables / average daily credit sales
5) Working turnover ratio = total sales / average working capital
D) Profitability ratios –
i) In relation to sales:
1) Gross profit ratio = Gross profit/net sales * 100
2) Operating net profit ratio = operating net profit / net sales * 100
3) Material consumption ratio = material consumption / net sales * 100
4) Conversion cost ratio = labor cost + manufacturing cost / net sales * 100
5) Expenses ratio = Each type or item of expenses / net sales * 100
ii) In relation to capital employed –
1) Return of investments (ROI/ROCE) = Net profit before tax or EBIT / capital employed
* 100
2) Return on shareholders’ funds = net profit after tax / shareholders’ funds * 100
3) Return on equity = net profit after tax and preference dividend / equity share capital or
equity + free reserves
E) Other ratios-
1) Interest coverage ratio = EBIT / interest expense
2) Debt – service coverage ratio = EBIT / interest + loan installment
3) Earning per share (EPS) = net profit after tax and preference dividend / number of
equity shares
4) Dividend per share(DPS) = Equity dividend / number of equity shares
5) Dividend payout = DPS / EPS
6) Dividend yield = DPS / market price (MPS)
7) Price earning ratio = EPS / MPS
Interest coverage ratio = EBIT / Interest
9) Fixed assets turnover ratio = sales / fixed assets
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