Dr. Don Giesting - Feeding options to fit pig health

Feeding
To Fit Pig
Health
Don Giesting, Ph.D.
Cargill Incorporated

.
© Copyright Cargill, Incorporated 2013. All rights reserved.

A short journey
• Pre-weaning – what can we do to wean more, bigger pigs
ready to grow after weaning?
• Post-weaning – what can we do to optimize performance
of the pigs we have?
– Management
– Nutrition
• Future opportunities

2


The pig feeding challenge
• More and more pigs are born per sow:
– Lower birth weight
– More small pigs
– More low viability pigs
• More pig have to share colostrum and milk
• More pigs are weaned (at young age)
– Lower weaning weights
– More small pigs are weaned
• Health challenges
– Virus infections suppress immunity (PRRS/Circo)
– Bacterial infections reduce performance

Raising healthy pigs is a real challenge!
3


To prepare pigs for life away from the sow,
they need to be able feed themselves.
• Creep Feeding is the practical opportunity we have to
prepare pigs before weaning

(This may not be a practical way to deliver the creep feed)
4


Effect of litter size and creep feed on
weaning weight
No creep feed

Weaning weight (lbs/pig) .

21.0

With creep feed

19.0

17.0
15.0
13.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
5.0
7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Litter size (no. pigs)
The larger the litter, the more critical creep feeding is to weaning weight
Source: Kavanagh, 1995

5

The importance of creep feeding on
post-weaning performance (4-week weaning)
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0

48.1

49.4

53.4

50.7

25.1

23.6

6.8

7.1

8.2

8.4

17.9

18.7

18.7

19.8

0.67

Weight (lbs)

23.4

23.8

.67-1.1

1.1-1.5

>1.5

Prestarter intake before weaning (lbs/pig)
at Wng

12 d PstWng

33 d PstWng
Source: CAN GIC NL

6


Effect of varying creep feed duration on preweaning and post-weaning performance
(Yan et al., 2011, AAJAS)
• 21 day weaning age
• Duration of creep feeding: 6, 11 and 16 days
• Creep feed
– 24% Lactose
– 4% SD Porcine Plasma
– 6% Isolated Soy Protein
– 10% Fermented SBM

7


Effect of varying creep feed duration on preweaning and post-weaning performance
Days creep feeding

16

11

6

0

Day 0-21; pre-wng

.46

.46

.43

.44

D 21-28;
wk 1 post-wng

.50

.46

.43

.43

Diarrhea score, 7d
post-wng

4.25b

4.75b

6.20ab

9.80a

Estrus interval, days

4.50b

4.50b

5.00a

5.30a

Back fat loss, mm

0.23

0.18

0.57

0.38

Epinephrine, pg/ml

14.1b

22.1ab

33.0a

34.2a

Norepinephrine, pg/ml

101b

159ab

171ab

190a

Cortisol, Ug/dl

2.78b

2.84b

4.16a

4.28a

ADG, lbs/pig

Sows

Source: Yan et al., 2011
8


Consider a special creep feed; not standard
starter feed
• Piglets enzyme systems are not well developed limiting digestion of
most standard starter feed at young age
– Lower protein reduces fermentation in hind gut
– Simple or processed carbohydrates including lactose
– Limited supplemental fat
– Highly palatable
• Good pellet or crumble
• No medication:
– Antibiotics may reduce palatability and lower feed intake
– Risk of under-dosing  increase risk of resistance?

9


Feeding the pig before weaning
• The more feed intake the better
– Feed a creep feed designed for this purpose
– Start at about 5 days of age – optimal; 10 days at the latest
– Supply fresh feed to the animals daily
• Supply water that pigs can readily access
• Ideal feeder:
– maximum height of 3 inches
– Mat is OK, if feed can be managed to limit waste and provide
access almost continuously
– placed where activity is

10


Post-weaning pig feeding
How do we help pigs recover from weaning?

.

The importance of healthy gastrointestinal tract

Picture: CAN research NL
12


After weaning, villus length is reduced
substantially
Villous height, % of weaning

160
140
120
100
80
60

40
20
0

7
14
21
Time after weaning, d

28
Source: CAN NL Research, Wijtten 2011

13


High feed intake after weaning results in
longer intestinal villi
600

micrometer

500

before
weaning
491Um

High feed
intake
268 g/d)
438 Um

400

Low feed
intake
(185 g/d)
354 Um

300
200
100
0
feed intake
Source: Verdonk et al. 2007

14


Newly weaned pigs are in an energy
deficient state - energy intake can take 7-21
days to equal that right before weaning

15


Pigs that consume more creep feed in
lactation eat more quickly after weaning
% Not eating at time points

100
90

eater

80

non-fed

70

non-eater

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Latency to first feed intake, hours
Source: Bruininx et al., 2002
16


How many days to feed creep feed postweaning?
Trial 1:
CAN - Spain (weaning age 24 days, 7 kg weaning weight)
Change creep feed to prestarter feed:
4 days post weaning
6 days post weaning
8 days post weaning
10 days post weaning
Trial 2:
CAN - Netherlands. (weaning age 21 days, 6.2 kg weaning weight)
Change creep feed to prestarter feed:
2 days post weaning
4 days post weaning
7 days post weaning

17


Trial 1 TAC Spain
Effect of longer creep feed (phase 1) feeding
on weight 25 days post weaning
40.4
40.5

40.3

39.9
Weight (lbs)

40.0
39.5
39.0

38.6

38.5
38.0
37.5
4 Days

6 Days

8 Days

10 Days

Days Post Weaning of creep feed before change to prestarter

Optimal benefit ~1 week of Creep Feed after weaning
Source : CAN TAC Spain
18


Trial 2 GIC Netherlands
Effect of longer creep feed (phase 1) feeding
on weight 21 days post weaning
25.7

25.8
25.5

Weight (lbs)

25.6
25.4

25.2
25.0

24.9

24.8
24.6
24.4
2 Days

4 Days

7 Days

Days Post Weaning of creep feed before change to prestarter

Optimal benefit ~ 4-7 days of Creep Feed after weaning
Source : CAN GIC NL
19


Effect of light on post-weaning performance
300

280

First 14 days post-weaning

300

250

250

212
200

200

168
150

150

100

Daily gain (g/d)

Feed intake (g/d)

249

100

23 hours

8 hours
Feed intake

23 hours

8 hours

Daily gain

Don’t leave pigs in the dark!
Source: Van den Boogaart, 2001
20


Vaccination time can affect feed intake
• Daily intake pattern of pigs vaccinated 1 week before
weaning or with weaning at 21 days of age.
300

Feed Intake, g/d

200

100
Pigs vaccinated 1 wk before weaning
Pigs vaccinated at weaning

0
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Days after weaning

Source: Mavromichalis et al.
21


Water intake is a key to post weaning feed
intake
• At least 1 nipple waterer per 10 pigs
• With more than 1 nipple have them a minimum of 3 feet apart
• Have enough output
from the nipples

• Clean water system

22


Effect of sorting pigs going into the nursery
Sorted on weight

Not sorted on weight

Weaning wt (lbs)

10.8

10.8

Final weight (lbs)

52.0a

53.1b

Gain, (g/p/d)

.91a

.93b

Intake, (g/p/d)

1.23a

1.26b

FCR

1.36

1.36

abp<0.01

Source: CAN NA research
1760 piglets day 0 to 45 Pst-Wng
23


Suggestions to enhance early, post-weaning
feed intake
• Creep feed in suckling period (beginning at 5-10 d of age)  more and
earlier intake post-weaning
• Keep same feed post-weaning as before weaning
– Relatively higher energy: protein  more intake, less diarrhea
– Palatable & familiar
• Feeder:
– Preferably open feeders to promote group eating
– Enough light to see inside the feeder
– Plenty of feeder space
• Light is important to encourage finding the feeder and increase
imitation and curiosity – keep the lights on
• Sorting probably reduces intake the first few days after weaning

24


Early post-weaning gain & final weight
253

255

250

Liveweight (lbs)
at 156 d pst-wng

250
244

245
239

240
235

230
<0

0-.33
.33-.5
Gain (lbs/d) 0-8d post-weaning

>.5

Source: Tokach et al., 1992
26


Optimizing feed intake of piglets in
the first week post weaning pays off!
• Pigs that eat more are more resistant to disease and have better
health through out the growth period
• Improved average gain in the total nursery period
• Better uniformity  better utilization of the building and less risk of
violating all-in-all-out principles
• Better “life-time performance”

27


Balancing diets for varying health conditions
• Macro-nutrients…Protein, Carbohydrates &
Fats
– Should we adjust sourcing and levels
according to stress and health levels?
• Additives…
– How might conditions affect which
ones we choose and how much
benefit we get?

28


Protein and amino acid nutrition
• Protein paradox –
– Requirements for amino acids are high to reach maximum growth
– Protein in excess of digestive capability leads to fermentation and
diarrhea; reduced with lower protein diet
– Specific amino acid requirements to counteract gut health challenges
vary from those for growth and may not be supplied at adequate levels
with a low protein diet balanced to a typical ideal protein ratio
• Glutamine & glutamate – increase innate and adaptive immunity
(macrophage and lymphocyte) under challenge; increase gut
integrity and cell division; fuel source for gut mucosal cells
• Alanine & glycine – may increase anti-secretory peptide
• Threonine – required for mucus proteins and gut repair
• Tryptophan – may increase villus/crypt ratio, but may reduce intake
• Optimal protein and amino acid feeding approach and levels may differ
depending on health status and stress levels

29


Carbohydrates
• Lactose is expensive, but important, especially to challenged pigs
– Energy source for young or challenged pigs
– Acts as a prebiotic, as ~30% may be left undigested by the end of the SI
– Effects may be partially replaced by other carbohydrates, fermentable
fiber, prebiotics, or some acidifiers, but somewhat health dependent
• Fiber effects vary
– “No” fiber diets may alleviate diarrhea, $$$
– Fermentable, soluble fibers (psyllium, beet pulp, chicory (inulin), etc.)
may enhance gut health and favor larger, more diverse bacterial
populations & high LAB’s, but effects may be limited in high lactose diets
– Insoluble fiber (brans) absorb water, reduce binding of some bad
bacteria to reduce diarrhea, but dilute energy in the diet
• “Grain” fibers (especially arabinoxylans) and raw starches
– Generally, neutral, but with health challenges or very young pigs may
increase risk of diarrhea
– Processing or, potentially, enzyme supplementation may help
30


Fats
• Concentrated energy sources, BUT
– One of the first and most predictive indicators of gut damage is
reduction in fat digestibility
– Medium chain fats and some unsaturated fats are generally well
utilized, but expensive
– Less expensive, more saturated fats are fine for healthy pigs
beyond 4 weeks of age, but may not be with digestive tract
challenges
– In creep feeds and immediately post-weaning, if conditions are
challenging, it is probably best to limit fat to modest levels (<2%
added)

31


Which additives work? Why? When?
Zinc oxide – very consistent, relatively low cost additive improves
performance, especially in stressed & challenged pigs
Acidifiers – reduces diarrhea, improves digestibility, improves gain and
FCR; complement or partially replace antibiotics
Probiotics – yeast & bacteria
• Competitive exclusion
• Metabolites & enzymes
• Immune protection
•May aid gut repair
Enzymes – diet and sometimes health
dependent
Additives can complement each other;
or not…depends on MOA’s, levels,
health challenges
32 2006 Cargill Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
©

Zinc oxide – an effective and instructive
additive
• Concerns and regulations in parts of the world limit use, may become
an issue in US; replacement requires understanding of how and why it
works
• Recent research is shedding light on zinc oxide
– Increase IgA in the gut
– Reduce genetic expression of inflammatory cytokines
– Increase anti-microbial peptide secretion from bone marrow
– Reduce translocation of bacteria to lymphocytes and blocks
cascade leading to mast cell (limit immune system activation)
– Prevent barrier leakage of macro-molecules following stress
• Similar measures may help us identify, understand and improve
success with other additives

33


Promote ProHacid Advance improves ADG & FCR on top of
antibiotics
14 days post-weaning

ADG Lbs/d
0.60

0.63 b
1.41 a

FCR

a

b

1.35

Control + antibiotic only
a,b Means

antibiotic + Advance

within a row with different
superscripts differ significantly
(p<0.05)
.

(26)
34

Control + antibiotic w/o
acids

antibiotic + Advance
blend type

Source : Cargill Application Center, NA, 2012,
Antibiotic: Pulmotil, with 235 ppm Cu (from CuSO4) and 3000 ppm Zn (from ZnO)


Variable challenges – adjusting nutrition
High health, low stress, eating
well
• Lower cost diets to reduce
production cost; limit lactose
and plasma
• Push nutrient levels higher to
attain genetic potential
• Allow more plant proteins and
starches
• Adjust additive package to
maximize efficiency and lower
cost of gain

35

Low health, high stress, eating
poorly
• Wean to creep feed
• Invest in key nutrient sources –
plasma, lactose
• Lower plant proteins and protein
levels to reduce gut damage &
diarrhea
• Use combinations of additives
to support gut repair, intake,
and reduce diarrhea


Future opportunities
• Better models of gut immunity, microbial status, management effects &
opportunities to improve these
• Understanding and providing precursors to better protect the gut
– Barrier function
– Healthier commensal bacterial populations
– Faster gut repair when damaged
– Feeding to enhance immunity, cytokine modulation
• Control of gene expression to limit inflammatory, secretory factors, and
gut damaging effects
• Combating oxidative stress and gut damage by nutrition
• Better targeted delivery of additives and nutrient precursors to key
areas of the gut

36


All we need to do is sort this out…


37

Dr. Don Giesting - Feeding options to fit pig health

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