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Performance enhancing
substances
 Ergogenic aids are
practices or substances –
legal or illegal – that
improve performance
 Because of the huge
desire (both intrinsic and
extrinsic) to win, there is a
huge amount of research
into improving
performance and recovery
Performance enhancing
substances
 Pre -1960’s, it was
common for athletes to
use illegal performanceenhancing drugs (because
there was no drug testing)
 Coaches, athletes and
administrators ignored the
potential side effects and
ethical considerations.
Performance enhancing
substances
 The IOC became actively
involved in anti-doping
initiatives when Tommy
Simpson died during the
1967 Tour De France
 The medical Commission
of the IOC was
established in 1967
 A list of banned
substances was
developed
 This list includes -
Illegal substances list
 beta-blockers, stimulants, narcotics (pain
blockers), diuretics, anabolic agents (protein
(muscle) building substances), peptide
hormones, blood doping,
Anabolic agents
 Also known as Anabolic
androgenic steroids
 Such as: Testosterone
 Performance benefits:
 Increased lean muscle
mass and strength
 Reduced fatigue
 Increased rate of
recovery
 Increased aggression
Anabolic agents – Side
effects
Male


Possible infertility



Increased libido



Female

Testicular atrophy



Baldness



Development of breast tissue

 Menstrual problems
 Body/facial hair
 Enlarged clitoris
 Deeper voice

Both:
- Liver damage, diabetes, heart problems, mood swings, acne and
more
Anti-oestrogenic agents
 Usually used
legitimately for
hormone replacement
therapy (treatment for
breast cancers)
 Illegally used to
counteract undesireable
side-effects associated
with anabolic steroid
use – such as the
development of breast
tissue.

Side effects:
- Hot flushes
- Gastrointestinal disorders
- Fluid retention
- Venous thrombosis
Hormones and related
substances
 EPO (Erythopoietin)
 Benefits
 Increases RBC
production, thus
increasing O2 carrying
capacity

 Side effects
 Blood thickening
 Blood clots
 Increased risk of heart
attack/stroke
 Dehydration

EPO is a naturally
occurring hormone
produced by the
body, therefore when
someone is injecting, its
use can be difficult to
detect.
Hormones and related
substances
 hGH (human growth
hormone)
 Benefits
 Increases muscle size
and strength

 Side-effects
 Acromegaly (disease of
the pituitary gland)
 Thickened skin
 Increased BP
 Hairiness
 Cardiac disease

Like EPO, hGH is produced
naturally via the pituitary gland –
and like EPO, it can be difficult to
detect synthetic use
Diuretics and masking
agents
 Medication to treat liver
and kidney diseases
 Benefits
 Increased production
of urine to assist in
making weight
restrictions
 Presence of other
drugs masked by
diluting their urine
samples

Side effects:
- Dehydration
- Kidney and heart failure
- Headaches
- Light-headedness
Stimulants
 Types:
Amphetamines, cocaine, e
phidrine
 Benefits
 CNS directly effected
(speeds up
movements/reactions)
 Increased
alertness, reduced
tiredness and
increased
competitiveness and
agression

 Prohibited in competition

Side effects:
- Heat regulation problems, increased
breathing rate, aggressive
behaviour, dehydration, weight
loss, increased HR, heart
palpitations, increased
BP, insomnia, dependence, depressio
n
Narcotic analegsics
 EG:
Heroin, morphine, pethadi
ne
 Benefits
 Reduced pain from
injury
 Ability to perform when
injured

 Side effects
 Increased risk of further
injury
 Balance/coordination
 Reduced concentration
 Lethargy
 Dependence/addiction

Narcotics and prohibited in
competition
Cannabinoids
 Types:
Hashish, marijuana

 Reduced ability to perform
complex tasks

 Benefits

 Continued use:

 None



Loss of motivation

 Side effects



Learning difficulties



Respiratory diseases



Dependence/addiction

 Impairment
 Loss of coordination
and concentration
 Increased heart rate
 Drowsiness
 Hallucinations
Glucocortico-steroids
 Power anti-inflammation
medication
 Benefits
 Used to treat
arthritis, asthma, infla
med joints etc

 Side effects
 Fluid retention
 Mood alteration
 Musculo-skeletal
problems (such as
osteoporosis)

Illegal in competition
Beta-blockers
 Types:
Acebutlolo, Esmolol
 Benefits
 Reduce body tremor
 Stop hands shaking
 Used in sports where
a steady hand is
required

 Side effects





Lowered BP
Decreased HR
Tiredness
Decreased
performance capacity
in endurance sports
Beta-blockers
 Prohibited in the
following sports:









Archery
Billiards
Bobsleigh
Gymnastics
Modern pentathlon
Ski Jumping
Shooting
Wrestling
Blood Doping
 Involves infusing extra
human blood (pre
harvested) prior to an
event to increase
aerobic performance
 Can be the athletes or
someone else's blood
 Benefits
 Increased RBC
count, thus improved
O2 devivery

Side effects:
- Thickening of the blood
(increased viscosity)
- Blood clots
- Increased risk of heart
attack/stroke
- Dehydration
Illegal Performance
enhancers
 Many athletes still try to take an illegal advantage by
resorting to illegal strategies
 The reason athletes choose to take these illegal
methods are to enhance training and recovery
 Some other reasons could include:
Reasons for illegal
performance enhancement
Personal Reasons
(intrinsic)

Environmental Reasons
(Extrinsic)

 Ongoing dissatisfaction with
their own performance

 Friend/peers using and
achieving results

 Lack of progress

 Pressure from a
coach/country to win

 Psychological dependence
 A win-at-all costs mentality
 A belief they can get away
with it

 Financial rewards for
winning

 Fame
Considerations
 Coaches/trainers could be carful when providing
different substances (illegal and legal)
 Litigation is likely

 Athletes should weigh up the benefits and cost of
using these enhancers
 These medico-legal issues need to be considered
What happens when
you’re caught?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhNjPDg9X5E

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Intro to ergogenic aids

  • 1.
  • 2. Performance enhancing substances  Ergogenic aids are practices or substances – legal or illegal – that improve performance  Because of the huge desire (both intrinsic and extrinsic) to win, there is a huge amount of research into improving performance and recovery
  • 3. Performance enhancing substances  Pre -1960’s, it was common for athletes to use illegal performanceenhancing drugs (because there was no drug testing)  Coaches, athletes and administrators ignored the potential side effects and ethical considerations.
  • 4. Performance enhancing substances  The IOC became actively involved in anti-doping initiatives when Tommy Simpson died during the 1967 Tour De France  The medical Commission of the IOC was established in 1967  A list of banned substances was developed  This list includes -
  • 5. Illegal substances list  beta-blockers, stimulants, narcotics (pain blockers), diuretics, anabolic agents (protein (muscle) building substances), peptide hormones, blood doping,
  • 6. Anabolic agents  Also known as Anabolic androgenic steroids  Such as: Testosterone  Performance benefits:  Increased lean muscle mass and strength  Reduced fatigue  Increased rate of recovery  Increased aggression
  • 7. Anabolic agents – Side effects Male  Possible infertility  Increased libido  Female Testicular atrophy  Baldness  Development of breast tissue  Menstrual problems  Body/facial hair  Enlarged clitoris  Deeper voice Both: - Liver damage, diabetes, heart problems, mood swings, acne and more
  • 8. Anti-oestrogenic agents  Usually used legitimately for hormone replacement therapy (treatment for breast cancers)  Illegally used to counteract undesireable side-effects associated with anabolic steroid use – such as the development of breast tissue. Side effects: - Hot flushes - Gastrointestinal disorders - Fluid retention - Venous thrombosis
  • 9. Hormones and related substances  EPO (Erythopoietin)  Benefits  Increases RBC production, thus increasing O2 carrying capacity  Side effects  Blood thickening  Blood clots  Increased risk of heart attack/stroke  Dehydration EPO is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the body, therefore when someone is injecting, its use can be difficult to detect.
  • 10. Hormones and related substances  hGH (human growth hormone)  Benefits  Increases muscle size and strength  Side-effects  Acromegaly (disease of the pituitary gland)  Thickened skin  Increased BP  Hairiness  Cardiac disease Like EPO, hGH is produced naturally via the pituitary gland – and like EPO, it can be difficult to detect synthetic use
  • 11. Diuretics and masking agents  Medication to treat liver and kidney diseases  Benefits  Increased production of urine to assist in making weight restrictions  Presence of other drugs masked by diluting their urine samples Side effects: - Dehydration - Kidney and heart failure - Headaches - Light-headedness
  • 12. Stimulants  Types: Amphetamines, cocaine, e phidrine  Benefits  CNS directly effected (speeds up movements/reactions)  Increased alertness, reduced tiredness and increased competitiveness and agression  Prohibited in competition Side effects: - Heat regulation problems, increased breathing rate, aggressive behaviour, dehydration, weight loss, increased HR, heart palpitations, increased BP, insomnia, dependence, depressio n
  • 13. Narcotic analegsics  EG: Heroin, morphine, pethadi ne  Benefits  Reduced pain from injury  Ability to perform when injured  Side effects  Increased risk of further injury  Balance/coordination  Reduced concentration  Lethargy  Dependence/addiction Narcotics and prohibited in competition
  • 14. Cannabinoids  Types: Hashish, marijuana  Reduced ability to perform complex tasks  Benefits  Continued use:  None  Loss of motivation  Side effects  Learning difficulties  Respiratory diseases  Dependence/addiction  Impairment  Loss of coordination and concentration  Increased heart rate  Drowsiness  Hallucinations
  • 15. Glucocortico-steroids  Power anti-inflammation medication  Benefits  Used to treat arthritis, asthma, infla med joints etc  Side effects  Fluid retention  Mood alteration  Musculo-skeletal problems (such as osteoporosis) Illegal in competition
  • 16. Beta-blockers  Types: Acebutlolo, Esmolol  Benefits  Reduce body tremor  Stop hands shaking  Used in sports where a steady hand is required  Side effects     Lowered BP Decreased HR Tiredness Decreased performance capacity in endurance sports
  • 17. Beta-blockers  Prohibited in the following sports:         Archery Billiards Bobsleigh Gymnastics Modern pentathlon Ski Jumping Shooting Wrestling
  • 18. Blood Doping  Involves infusing extra human blood (pre harvested) prior to an event to increase aerobic performance  Can be the athletes or someone else's blood  Benefits  Increased RBC count, thus improved O2 devivery Side effects: - Thickening of the blood (increased viscosity) - Blood clots - Increased risk of heart attack/stroke - Dehydration
  • 19. Illegal Performance enhancers  Many athletes still try to take an illegal advantage by resorting to illegal strategies  The reason athletes choose to take these illegal methods are to enhance training and recovery  Some other reasons could include:
  • 20. Reasons for illegal performance enhancement Personal Reasons (intrinsic) Environmental Reasons (Extrinsic)  Ongoing dissatisfaction with their own performance  Friend/peers using and achieving results  Lack of progress  Pressure from a coach/country to win  Psychological dependence  A win-at-all costs mentality  A belief they can get away with it  Financial rewards for winning  Fame
  • 21. Considerations  Coaches/trainers could be carful when providing different substances (illegal and legal)  Litigation is likely  Athletes should weigh up the benefits and cost of using these enhancers  These medico-legal issues need to be considered
  • 22. What happens when you’re caught?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhNjPDg9X5E