This document summarizes various gynecological and obstetric instruments. It describes speculums, retractors, forceps, dilators, catheters, and other tools used in procedures like dilation and curettage, hysterectomy, cesarean section, and laparoscopy. Each instrument is briefly explained along with its uses and advantages. A wide range of common medical devices are covered, from speculums and tenaculums to vacuum extractors and fetal stethoscopes.

1. Instruments O&G
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2. Specula tony 2010 mbbs 2

3. Sims bivalvedspeculum
•2 blades & handle
•Adv
•retracts posterior vaginal wall
•The groove in the centeralso drains the secretion or bleeding thus keeping the area dry
•Disadv
•Not self retaining (need an assistant to hold speculum )
•Enter laterally
•PGE1 introduction
•Uterine prolapse
•FC,D&C,cervicalpunch bipsy
•Pap smear
•Push bladder in VH
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4. Uses
•Use in GynaeOPD for following procedures: Taking Pap Smear , Insertion and removal of Copper T , Colposcopy ,Taking swabs, Hyseterosalpingography(HSG) Use in GynaeOperations:D&C , Cervix Biopsy , Vaginal Hysterectomy , FothergillsOperation, Repair of Vesicovaginal fistula, Hysteroscopy. Use in Obstetrics: For inspection ( Bluish discoloration in early pregnancy, local cause for threatened abortion, local cause in APH), First trimester MTP by suction curettage . In second trimester MTP by EthacredylLactate. Osthighteningor cervical encircalage, Removal of osthighteningstitch at the onset of laboror at 38 wks. Inspection for suspected rupture of membranes. After forceps delivery to trace for cervical tears.
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5. Cuscosbivlavedself retaining speculum
•Retract anterior & posterior walls of cervix
•Disdv
•Obscures vaginal walls so lesion may be missed
•Insert /remove IUD
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6. Retractor
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7. Doyens’ retractor
•Nontraumaticblunt
•Depress bladder in CS
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8. Doyens retractor
•This instrument is used for retracting bladder during abdominal operations like LSCS , abdominal hysterectomy , laparotomy.
•The smooth edge and the curvature retracts the bladder and protects it during surgery
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9. Kellys retractor
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10. Abdominal wall retractor self retaining
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11. Forceps
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12. Artery forceps
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13. Artery forceps
•This is a hemostat. Used for clamping bleeding vessels. It is also used for grasping tissue at the time of operation. ( Opening and closing peritoneum) . It is also used to hold stay sutures. It comes in two shapes straight and curved.
•Usually straight is used for rough work like stay and curved is used as hemostat.
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15. Mosquito
Small artery forceps
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16. Needle Holder
•This instrument is used for grasping needle at the time of suturing. The inner surface of tip has crisscross serrationsand a small grove for firm grasp of the curved needle.
•The box joint is placed very close to tipto give adequate pressure because of the lever effect.
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17. Volsellum forceps
•To hold
•anterior lip of Cx
•posterior lip of Cx
•Cervical stump in subtotal hysterectomy
Its a long instrument with gentle curve so that the line of vision is not obstructed. The tip of the blades have 3-4 teeth
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18. •Insertion of IUCD , CxBiopsy D&C, First trimester MTP with Suction Evacuation. CxBiopsy , Fothergillsoperation, Vaginal Hysterectomy Posterior lip of the cervix is grasped for post. colpotomy.
•Since the teeth are sharp it is not used in pregnancy as it may cause cervical tares and lacerations. Instead sponge holding forceps is used to grasp the cervix
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19. Allis tissue forceps
•Interlocking teeth catch and lock
•To hold
•peritoneum rectus sheath
•Anterior lip of Cx
•Traumatic arrest hge
Sterilization: By Autoclaving
This instrument is used for grasping tough structures like Rectus sheath or fascia in operations like tubectomy,LSCS
,abdominal hysterectomy. tony 2010 mbbs 19

20. Tenaculum forceps
•Long with single tooth at tip
•Catch present
•Major gynaecprocedures like abdominal hysterectomy
•Catch hold of vault/cervix
•Traumatic hold fimstructures like cervix
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21. Babcock's Forceps
The tip is atraumatic as there are no sharp tooth
This instrument is used for grasping tubular structures like fallopian tube in tubectomyin modified Pomeroy's operation ,
ureter ,appendix etc.
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22. Sponge holding forceps
•Hold the pregnant uterus (less traumatic than volsellumforceps )
•In traumatic PPH
•(walking around cervix)
•atleast3 sponge ( one at 12 0 clock position & other to look for trauma) holding forceps to visualize Cx
•Cleaning & draping in surgical procedures
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23. Green ArmytageForceps
This forceps is used as a hemostatin caesarean operation. As the tips are broad wide area can be
compressed.
In LSCS the cut uterine edges bleed . This forceps is applied to the two angles and lower and upper edge of
the incision.
The common indications for LSCS are fetaldistress in first stage, CPD , abnormal presentations like
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24. Kocher's Forceps ( Clamp)
The tips of the blades have teeth so that the tissue does not slip
This instrument is used for holding pedicles in hysterectomy.
The blades can either be straight or curved. This instrument is used in hysterectomy to clamp pedicles which are then transfixed
It is also used for salpingectomy in ectopic or oophorectomy in ovarian mass. This can also be used for clamping umbilical cordnewborn at the time of delivery or for artificial low rupture of membranes ( ARM).
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25. Ovum Holding Forceps
removing the products of conception in inevitable , incomplete abortion and in MTP operations.
No catch
The tip of this instrument is rounded cup like to avoid perforation and to hold large tissue. This instrument has no catch . This is to
avoid perforation of wall.
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26. Dissecting forceps non toothed
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27. myoma screw
•To hold the fundus of uterus in myomectomy & hysterectomy
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28. Towel clip
•Hold towels
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29. Leech Wilkinson cannula
•Hydrotubationfor tubal patency
•It is straight instrument with conical tip. This cone is screwed into the cervix. Then dye is injected
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30. Scissors
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31. Mayo scissors
Straight mayo scissors
Curved mayo scissors
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32. Episiotomy Scissors.
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33. catheter
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34. Malecots catheter
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35. Foleys catheter
•Continousbladder drainageafter surgery
•Abdominal , Vaginal Hysterectomy , Wertheim's Hysterectomy, Repair of Vesicovaginal fistula.
•Atonic bladder
•EASI
•second trimester MTP for extra amniotic instillation of ethacredyllactate .
•sono salpingography
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36. Metal catheter
•Intermittent drainage as in vaginal hysterectomy
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37. D&C
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38. Uterine sound
Its a long instrument with blunt tip ( To avoid perforation) About 5 cmsfrom the tip its bend to make angle of 30 degrees.
It has marking on it for measurements. ( Bladder sound has no markings )
The angle helps to negotiate curvature of the uterus (Anteflexion). It is used for measuring uterocervicallength , length of thcervix(for diagnosing supra vaginal elongation of the cervix). To feel for any pathology inside the cavity like fibroid ( Sub mpolyp) Congenital anomalies like septa or bicornuateut. Adhesions or synachae. To feel for the misplaced IUCD.
It can create false passage or perforation especially in soft uterus in pregnancy.
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39. Uterine Curette
Blunt endobstetric
Sharp gynaec
Use for scraping endometrial cavity to obtain sample for histopathology.
Diagnostic D&C is done commonly for Menorrhagia, Endometrial Carcinoma, Infertility ,Tuberculosis of endometrium .
It also has secondary beneficial advantage of reducing the bleeding in menorrhagia.
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40. Hegar'sDilator
Dilate cervix
long rod like instrument with gentle curve and tapering tip.
It is used for dilatation of the cervix in procedures like
D&C , D& E , Fothergillsoperation , Hysteroscopy , Cervical Stenosis , Primary dysmenorrhoea.
The dilators are numberdas per outer diameter ( No 8 means outer diameter of 8 mm) For D&C dilation up to 8 is
Done For MTP dilatation up to 12 may be required. Very large dilatation can cause cervical incompetenceperforation tony 2010 mbbs 40

41. Mathew duncansdilator
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42. Papsmear
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43. Cevixsampling devices
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44. Ayre's Spatula
•Made of wood so that cells can adhere to its porous surface.
•Use for taking Pap Smearfor screening of carcinoma cervix.
•The long end is inserted into cervical canal and rotated in 360 degrees.
•The exfoliated cells obtained are smeared on glass slide and fixed in Koplicksjar which contains ether and alcohol in equal amount. or by hair spray.
•The other broad end is used for obtaining cells from lateral vagina for knowing the hormonal status & buccal smear
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45. Cervical brush
Pap smear
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46. Family planning
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47. Copper t
•380 A (380SAof copper)}commonly used
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54. Female condom
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55. Male condom
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56. Balloon tamponadewith condoms for PPH
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57. Karman cannula- plastic
It is of different sizes and the approximate size required for a
particular case equals to the weeks of pregnancy to be terminated
The plastic cannula has got advantages over a metallic one-
as it causes less damage to the uterine wall and the products
sucked out can be visible. The vacuum must be broken before
withdrawal
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58. Karman cannula -Metallic
Suction evacuation
MTP
To remove products of conception
Missed abortion
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60. Karman's Syringe ( Menstrual Regulation)
Menstrual Regulation and endometrial aspiration.
The capacity is 50 ml. The tip has a rubber
attachment with valve.
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62. Laparoscopy
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63. Trocar and cannula
Used for Laparoscopy
Trocar is put in to the cannula and then inserted into abdominal cavity for laparoscopy. It is also called port ( port of entry to telescope and other instruments.) It is numbered as per outer diameter. 10 mm is used for operative telescope, 7 mm is used for Band Applicator for Tubal Ligation, 5mm is used for other hand instruments like grasper etc. A Reducer sleeve is available to use large size port for small instrument. It has a trumpet valve to prevent gas leak. On one side there is opening for connecting it to gas ( CO2 or Air)
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64. Varies Needle
•putting Air or CO2 in the peritoneal cavity) for laparoscopy..
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67. Operative vaginal delivery
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68. VaccumExtractor(Ventouse).
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69. Cup for vacuum extraction
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73. Wrigley's outlet Forceps
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74. •Obstetric forceps for out let forceps delivery. It has pelvic curve. Parts of the forceps are blades ( which has windows or fenestrate
•for firm grip of the head) ,Shank , Lock( English lock for Wriglysforceps) , Handle.
•Simson's Short forceps is straight forceps with only cephalic curve and no pelvic curve.
•Some of the Pre requisite for forceps application : Dilatation of the cervix must be full (10cm) Station of Vertex at plus 2 or plus 3 (for outlet forceps),membranes should be ruptured , pelvis must be adequate. Uterine contractions must be good. Rotation of vertex near complete. Local anesthesiaand episiotomy must be given.
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76. others
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77. Pinard'sFetalStethoscope.
auscultation of fetalheart.
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78. Umbilical cord clamp
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