3. Family: Cercopithecidae 3
Order Primates
Family Cercopithecidae
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
Macaca arctoides (Stump-tailed macaque); ≈‘߇ π
2n=42; NF=84 in male and female
Photograph by: Alongkoad Tanomtong
and Ruengwit Bunjongrat
4. 4 Order: Primates
Macaca arctoides (Stump-tailed macaque)
2n=42; NF=84 in male and female
Autosomes: 6 large metacentric, 8 large submetacentric, 4 medium metacentric, 12
medium submetacentric, 8 small metacentric and 2 small submetacentric
chromosomes
Sex chromosomes: X chromosome medium submetacentric chromosome
Y chromosome smallest submetacentric chromosome
Karyotype formula: 2n (42) = L6m + L8sm + M4m + M12sm + S8m + S2sm + sex chromosomes
The specimens (2 males and 1 female) were collected in Nakhon Ratchasima
Zoo, Nakhon Ratchasima Province and Songkhla Zoo, Songkhla Province, Thailand.
Blood T-lymphocyte cultures were used for karyological studies. The autosomes
from a continuous length gradation. The identification of the X chromosome was
equivocal, since one or two pairs of autosomes show similar morphology. The X and Y
chromosome was the important chromosome that was used to identify the species of
the macaques (genus Macaca) in Thailand. The chromosomes 13 showed clearly
observable secondary constriction on the short arm near the centromeres, similar to
those seen in the macaques in Thailand. From the G-banding and high-resolution
technique, the numbers of bands and locations in the stump-tailed macaque were 273
and 335 respectively, each chromosome pairs could be clearly differentiated. The
important chromosome marker of the stump-tailed macaque is the symmetrical
karyotype, which is all two types of chromosomes were found (metacentric and
submetacentric chromosome). The largest and smallest chromosomes show high size
difference (approximately 3 folds). The chromosome marker of stump-tailed macaque,
chromosome 1 is the largest metacentric chromosome and Y chromosome is the smallest
submatecentric chromosome. We found that chromosome 5, 12, 13 and 19 have the
identical G-banding patterns as those of human chromosomes. The short arm of
chromosome 13 is similar to the chromosome 22 of human as indicated by G-bands. In
addition, the long arm of chromosome 13 is similar to the chromosome 15 of human.
These results indicated that the chromosome 13 of the stump-tailed macaque was split
into 2 chromosomes. Chromosome 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17 and 20 are similar to
those of human chromosomes. The study suggested that the human chromosome 1 is a
pericentric inversion of stump-tailed macaque chromosome 1. The stump-tailed macaque
chromosomes 2, 4, 15, 16, 18, X and Y are different from those of human chromosomes.
These results show the relationship between the stump-tailed macaque and human.
5. Family: Cercopithecidae 5
References:
1. Chiarelli, B. Comparative and morphometric analysis of primate chromosomes:
The chromosomes of genera Macaca, Papio, Theropithecus and Cercocebus.
Caryologia 15: 401-420, 1962.
2. Markarian, D.S., Gvaramiia, I.A. and Chalian, V.G. Chromosome identification in
Macaca arctoides based on study of the differential staining pattern (G-discs)
comparison with Papio hamadryas G-discs. Genetika 11 (6): 153-158, 1975.
3. Miranda, R., Ruz, L., Mutchinick, O. and Estrada, A. Comparative cytogenetic studies
in Macaca arctoides with other species of Macaca and man. Acta. Anthropo.
Genet. 6 (4): 195-207, 1982.
4. Brown, C.J., Dunbar, V.G. and Shafer, D.A. A comparison of the karyotypes of six
species of the genus Macaca and a species of the genus Cercocebus. Folia
primatol. 46 (3): 164-172, 1986.
5. Tanomtong, A., Khunsook, S., Kaensa, W. and Kongkham, W. Cytogenetics of
stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides (Primate, Cercopithecidae) in Thailand
by conventional staining. Walailak Journal Science and Technology 2 (2):
231-240, 2005.
6. Tanomtong, A., Khunsook, S., Kaensa, W. and Bunjongrat, R. A comparison of the
karyotype of five species in genus Macaca (Primate, Cercopithecidae) in
Thailand by using conventional staining, G-banding and high-resolution
technique. Cytologia 71 (2): 161-167, 2006.
7. Tanomtong, A., Khunsook, S., Bunjongrat, R. and Kongkham, W. Chromosome
G-banding analysis of stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) and relationship
to human (Homo sapiens) by G-banding technique. KMUTT Research and
Development Journal 29 (3): 319-334, 2006.
6. 6 Order: Primates
Table 1 Means of length short arm chromosome (Ls), length long arm chromosome
(Ll), length total arm chromosome (LT), relative length (RL) with its standard deviation
(SD) and centromeric index (CI) with its SD from chromosomes in mitotic metaphase
for 20 cells of each male and female stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), 2n=42.
Chromosome Ls Ll LT RL + SD CI + SD Chromosome Chromosome
Pairs Size Type
1 0.901 1.265 2.166 0.072 ± 0.006 0.584 ± 0.038 L m
2 0.695 1.185 1.880 0.062 ± 0.004 0.630 ± 0.028 L sm
3 0.669 1.095 1.764 0.059 ± 0.006 0.621 ± 0.024 L sm
4 0.778 0.960 1.738 0.058 ± 0.004 0.552 ± 0.026 L m
5 0.578 1.119 1.697 0.056 ± 0.005 0.659 ± 0.035 L sm
6 0.585 1.043 1.629 0.054 ± 0.007 0.641 ± 0.033 L sm
7 0.644 0.965 1.610 0.053 ± 0.004 0.600 ± 0.037 L m
8 0.559 0.878 1.437 0.048 ± 0.005 0.611 ± 0.026 M sm
9 0.530 0.890 1.420 0.047 ± 0.005 0.626 ± 0.034 M sm
10 0.478 0.938 1.415 0.047 ± 0.007 0.663 ± 0.022 M sm
11 0.480 0.908 1.387 0.046 ± 0.007 0.654 ± 0.024 M sm
12 0.610 0.668 1.278 0.042 ± 0.007 0.522 ± 0.020 M m
13 0.614 0.658 1.272 0.042 ± 0.003 0.517 ± 0.023 M m
14 0.403 0.863 1.266 0.042 ± 0.005 0.681 ± 0.039 M sm
15 0.382 0.853 1.235 0.041 ± 0.004 0.691 ± 0.017 M sm
16 0.507 0.554 1.061 0.035 ± 0.004 0.522 ± 0.025 S m
17 0.377 0.650 1.028 0.034 ± 0.006 0.633 ± 0.037 S sm
18 0.429 0.462 0.891 0.030 ± 0.005 0.518 ± 0.016 S m
19 0.415 0.441 0.856 0.028 ± 0.007 0.515 ± 0.023 S m
20 0.365 0.489 0.853 0.028 ± 0.008 0.573 ± 0.019 S m
X 0.558 0.857 1.414 0.047 ± 0.005 0.606 ± 0.031 M sm
Y 0.331 0.502 0.833 0.028 ± 0.009 0.602 ± 0.038 S sm
7. Family: Cercopithecidae 7
Macaca arctoides (Stump-tailed macaque)
Male 2n=42; NF=84, Karyotype by conventional staining technique
Photograph by: Alongkoad Tanomtong and Wiwat Kaensa
