Running Head: BRAZIL HISTORICAL TRADE PATTERNS1 BRAZIL HISTORICAL TRADE PATTERNS5 BU532 International Economics Brazil Historical Trade Patterns Prof.: Dr. Kim, Rachel Bruna Martins Southern States University Brazil is ranked position 22nd across the globe as the largest export economy as per Economic Complexity index. The country’s top exports are Soybeans, Iron Ore, Crude petroleum, Raw Sugar as well as cars. The major exporting countries are China, United States, Argentina, Netherlands and Japan. It’s main importing nations are China, United States, Argentina, Korea among other nations. The country experienced a 20% shrinking in the trade surplus to a tune of $ 46.67 billion for financial year 2019. The recent shrank in international trading between Brazil and other nations was driven by strengthening domestic demand hence boosting the country’s economic growth rate to 2.3%. Consequently, the country has had higher imports compared to the exports in the recent times. The nation’s minister of Trade Ferraz allude confidence a balance between imports and exports would be attained. The surplus were weakest in 2015 standing at $ 19.5 billion as a result of adverse economic recession in the country. In 2019, the demand for the Brazilian commodities faced the slowest global growth within the decade, several uncertainintites concerning the United States- China trade disputes. Moreover, the trading activity experienced political as well as economic turmoil in the latin America. Argentina had a renewed slide into the economic as well as political crisis that significantly reduced the exports for manutactured goods to a tune of $ 5.2 billion in 2019. The trade actibity was also slowed by the outbreak of t6he African swine fever in the China market hence reducing the soy exports to a tune of $ 6.7 billion. Brazil enjoys a comparative advantage in the international trade compared to other countries. For instance, United States has an absolute advantage in the production of the computers but Brazil enjoys a competitive advantage in the sector. Brazil has offered subsides to the computers manufactures to close to two-thirds the costs of producing in the United States. Consequently, the favorable terms attract potential investors to produce computers for ultimate export at a relatively cheaper costs of production. The Brazilian foreign trade policy allows for increased imports while reducing on exportable products. At the beginning of 1990s, the country marked a significant shift in the foreign trade policy which included the liberation of the foreign trade attained through the reduction in import tariffs as well as the full implementation of MERCOSUR with primary objective of tackling globalization related problems. Consequently, the country was to increase the imports while attaining the balance of trade in 1996 of $ 5.5 billion and in 1997 at $ 8.4 billion. The country through the ministry of trade seeks not only to attain the bal.

1. Running Head: BRAZIL HISTORICAL TRADE PATTERNS1
BRAZIL HISTORICAL TRADE PATTERNS5
BU532 International Economics
Brazil Historical Trade Patterns
Prof.: Dr. Kim, Rachel
Bruna Martins
Southern States University
Brazil is ranked position 22nd across the globe as the largest
export economy as per Economic Complexity index. The
country’s top exports are Soybeans, Iron Ore, Crude petroleum,
Raw Sugar as well as cars. The major exporting countries are
China, United States, Argentina, Netherlands and Japan. It’s
main importing nations are China, United States, Argentina,
Korea among other nations. The country experienced a 20%
shrinking in the trade surplus to a tune of $ 46.67 billion for
financial year 2019.
The recent shrank in international trading between Brazil and
other nations was driven by strengthening domestic demand

2. hence boosting the country’s economic growth rate to 2.3%.
Consequently, the country has had higher imports compared to
the exports in the recent times. The nation’s minister of Trade
Ferraz allude confidence a balance between imports and exports
would be attained.
The surplus were weakest in 2015 standing at $ 19.5 billion as a
result of adverse economic recession in the country. In 2019,
the demand for the Brazilian commodities faced the slowest
global growth within the decade, several uncertainintites
concerning the United States- China trade disputes. Moreover,
the trading activity experienced political as well as economic
turmoil in the latin America.
Argentina had a renewed slide into the economic as well as
political crisis that significantly reduced the exports for
manutactured goods to a tune of $ 5.2 billion in 2019. The trade
actibity was also slowed by the outbreak of t6he African swine
fever in the China market hence reducing the soy exports to a
tune of $ 6.7 billion.
Brazil enjoys a comparative advantage in the international trade
compared to other countries. For instance, United States has an
absolute advantage in the production of the computers but
Brazil enjoys a competitive advantage in the sector. Brazil has
offered subsides to the computers manufactures to close to two-
thirds the costs of producing in the United States. Consequently,
the favorable terms attract potential investors to produce
computers for ultimate export at a relatively cheaper costs of
production.
The Brazilian foreign trade policy allows for increased imports
while reducing on exportable products. At the beginning of
1990s, the country marked a significant shift in the foreign
trade policy which included the liberation of the foreign trade
attained through the reduction in import tariffs as well as the
full implementation of MERCOSUR with primary objective of
tackling globalization related problems. Consequently, the
country was to increase the imports while attaining the balance
of trade in 1996 of $ 5.5 billion and in 1997 at $ 8.4 billion.

3. The country through the ministry of trade seeks not only to
attain the balance of trade but also improve on the level of
imports and exports of raw materials as well as capital goods.
Therefore, the country geared on the selective imports to create
a modern industrial sector in the country.
The country has a significant volume of direct foreign
investment as evidenced in 1997 it was at $ 17 billion.
However, the county’s foreign investment increased by $ 9.3
billion as in December 2019.
The Brazil foreign market has its own challenges and
opportunities concerning the marketing of the products. The
Export trade does not receive adequate support to accelerate its
economic growth. The sector’s profitability reduced greatly as
well as lack of credit facilities to the traders. The country faces
adverse corruption activities hence hindering countries across
the globe such as U.S. among others trading with Brazil.
Brazil’s Currency fell in value hence assisted greatly in the
export growth in the country. Moreover, more firms are also
interested in investing in the country to drive the foreign
business sector.

4. References
Keltner, B. (1995). Relationship banking and competitive
advantage: Evidence from U.S. and germany. California
Management Review, 37(4), 45. Retrieved from:
https://b111f2gf7-mp01-y-https-search-proquest-
com.proxy.lirn.net/docview/216150092/fulltext/5A557379474B
4E24PQ/7?accountid=151051
International Trade Centre. (April 16, 2019). Exports of German
automotive parts and accessories to the United States of
America (USA) from 2015 to 2018* (in 1,000 U.S. dollars)
[Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved February 06, 2020, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/824916/german-automotive-
parts-exports-usa/https://b113g2ggl-mp01-y-https-www-statista-
com.proxy.lirn.net/statistics/824916/german-automotive-parts-
exports-usa/
Wilson, T. L., Lindbergh, L., & Graff, J. (2014).
0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2The competitive advantage of
nations1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2 20 years later: The cases of
sweden, south korea and the USA. Competitiveness Review,
24(4), 306-331. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CR-11-2012-
0027https://b111f2gf7-mp01-y-https-search-proquest-
com.proxy.lirn.net/docview/2083739910/fulltext/EF3F8BD9E47
F406EPQ/4?accountid=151051
200 Words for Each Question
Cite/Reference
600.9
ACOs are continuing to gain momentum as the model to be
implemented. As health care leaders, we will need to gain a
better understanding of this model and how it will impact all

5. parties (payers, providers, and other health care institutions).
More importantly, we will need to understand the mechanisms
of this model and the reimbursement models associated with
ACOs and their ability to mitigate risk.
What contracting methodology will likely be effective in an
ACO environment? How will this methodology mitigate risk to
ACO participants?
518.9
Which form of clinical integration delivers more value in
healthcare: vertical integration or horizontal integration?
TRADE IN BRAZIL2
BU532 International Economics
Prof.: Dr. Kim, Rachel
Brazil’s International Trade Regulations
Bruna Martins
Southern States University

6. Running head: TRADE IN BRAZIL1
Brazil’s International Trade Regulations
The international trade patterns and compositions started to
witness many shifts at the dawn of the 21ST Century, especially
due to the evolution in the process of economic evolution.
Consequently, the scope of cross-border trading has become
more complex and wider. The implication is a multi-layered
relational framework that links foreign direct investment, the
support services of core activities of companies, and
international trade as a result of fragmentation of production in
terms of tasks and its global value chains’ geographic
dispersion.
Consequently, the traditionally more closed Brazil’s economic
policies have begun to shift. Brazil began to open its trade and
investment regime policies since its last economic depression
and recession about six years ago (Oliveira, 2017). The result
include a decentralized but more market-driven environment via
prices and state monopolies deregulation, privatization and
privatization, and liberalization of investments. Furthermore,
the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports that greater
flexibility and improved resource allocation have enabled the
Brazilian economy to deal with unfavorable internal and
external shocks thus facilitate a rapid financial recovery (World
Trade Organization, 2000).
The transformation has come with much opportunity. Market-set
exchange rate has enabled the country to decrease, or alleviate
measures that initially caused the restriction of supposed
exports or imports and create a definitive departure from all
forms of formerly protective trade policies. The progressive
policies have fostered an undistorted balance between export
and large domestic offer, and achieve and sustain greater
economic growth through its offer of a positive strategy towards
the realization of such opportunities.
The foreign direct investment (FDI) FOR Brazil has continued
to exponentially increase since1996, surpassing US$30 billion

7. in 1999 due to its stimulation of privatization (World Trade
Organization, 2000). Brazil’s internal market is very attractive,
has reflects a better share to MERCOSUR markets’ access, and
has an enhanced policy environments’ market orientation. Brazil
remains the largest country in Latin America, and the second
largest in the Western Hemisphere, only after the United States
of America. Furthermore, it remains the largest exporter of
several agricultural products and produce in the world,
including sugar, orange juice, and coffee. The European Union
(EU), MERCOSUR (including Argentina and Uruguay) are the
leading markets for Brazilian products, while the leading
suppliers to Brazilian markets include Argentina, United States,
and EU, in increasing order (World Bank Organization, 2020).
For instance, according to the US Census Bureau, Brazil has had
a net import and export totals of US$ 181,230,498.36 and
US$239,887,754.93, respectively, thus leading to a positive
trade balance of US$ 58,657,256.58 (in thousands), with the US
(United States Census Bureau, 2019).
Foreign trade in Brazil is governed by many resolutions,
decrees, provisional measures, and laws which are also
frequently amended. However, international trade regulations in
the country are very complex (Ayub, 2017; Novatrade, 2016).
Non-residents are exclusively taxed at source based in their
Brazilian-sourced income whereas residents the taxation of
residents is based on their worldwide income (International
Living, 2020). The main trade instrument in Brazil is tariffs
computed through a plan which converges or leans the Common
External Tariff (CET) of MERCOSUR (World Trade
Organization, 2000). Furthermore, the country adopted a
computerized system for customs clearance, or SISCOMEX to
simplify its custom clearance (Australian Trade and Investment
Commission, 2020). The other import policies include the
contingency measures like anti-dumping laws and automatic
import licenses for trade law monitoring and statistical
purposes.
Brazil regularly uses export promotion policies. The practice

8. aids the country to offset its domestic inefficiencies like
overvalued exchange rates, cascading tax system, inefficient
financial intermediation, and poor infrastructure. As a founding
member of the WTO, Brazil upholds the five basic principles of
global trading systems, including safety valves, transparency,
enforceable and binding commitments, reciprocity, and non-
discrimination. However, the European Commission has
recently reported that Brazil has resorted to several potentially
trade-restrictive measures.
Its domestic market is protected using applied customs duty
averaging at 13.5% (European Commission, 2019). The tariff
and non-tariff barriers inhibits open and stable regulatory
environment for foreign traders and investors. However, Brazil
sees the trade protection policies to cause the consumption of
Brazilian products and produce within the local market
(International Monetary Fund, 2019). The country is however
opening up and implementing newer international trade
regulations that would open up the Brazilian market to more
global trade.
References
Australian Trade and Investment Commission. (2020). Doing
Business - Tariffs and Regulations - Brazil - For Australian
Exporters. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from Australian
Government:
https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-
markets/Countries/Brazil/Doing-business/Tariffs-and-
regulations
Ayub, C. (2017, January 4). Brazilian Trade Regulations ‘Too
Complex’. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from World Finance:
https://www.worldfinance.com/strategy/legal-
management/brazilian-trade-regulations-too-complex

9. European Commission. (2019, May 7). Brazil - Trade -
European Commission . Retrieved February 4, 2020, from
European Commission:
https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-
regions/countries/brazil/
International Living. (2020). Taxes in Brazil. Retrieved
February 4, 2020, from International Living :
https://internationalliving.com/countries/brazil/taxes/
International Monetary Fund. (2019, March 18). Trade’s Impact
on Brazil’s Industries. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from IMF
Blog: https://blogs.imf.org/2019/03/18/chart-of-the-week-
trades-impact-on-brazils-industries/
Novatrade. (2016, September 16). Import Duties and Taxes in
Brazil. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from Novatrade:
https://www.novatradebrasil.com/en/brazil-import-guide/import-
duties-taxes-brazil/
Oliveira, S. E. (2017, February 1). Brazil in the Twenty-First-
Century International Trade: Challenges and Opportunities.
Retrieved February 4, 2020, from IntechOpen:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/international-trade-on-the-
brink-of-change/brazil-in-the-twenty-first-century-international-
trade-challenges-and-opportunities
United States Census Bureau. (2019). Foreign Trade: US Trade
in Goods with Brazil . Retrieved February 4, 2020, from United
States Census Bureau: https://www.census.gov/foreign-
trade/balance/c3510.html
World Bank Organization. (2020, February 4). Brazil Trade -
Data. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from World Integrated Trade
Solution
s: https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/BRA
World Trade Organization. (2000, November 4). Trade Policy

10. Reviews: First Press Release, Secretariat and Government
Summaries - Brazil: November 2000. Retrieved February 4,
2020, from World Trade Organization:
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp140_e.htm
Running head: GLOBAL MARKET OF BRAZIL1
GLOBAL MARKET OF BRAZIL4
BU532 International Economics
Prof.: Dr. Kim, Rachel
Global Market of Brazil
Bruna Martins
Southern States University

11. Global Market of Brazil
Introduction
Brazil is characterized by
being1one1of1the1top1ten1largest1economies1in1the1world,
being at number nine. The country also has the eighth largest
purchasing power parity. Brazil has a mixed economy, which
relies on import substitution so that it can achieve economic
growth. The growth domestic product (GDP) of Brazil is $1.868
billion as of 2018 and a GDP per capita of $9,703.17.
Brazil1has1a1population1of1211
million1people1with1an1annual1growth1rate of 0.73%. It has a
large population with a rank of six in the world. There are
various demographic and economic characteristics of Brazil as
compared with other nations in the world.
Population
The population of Brazil is one of the demographic factors of
the country. Having a population of 211,899,591 people, the
country sits at position six in the world ranking of the largest
populations. The country covers an area of 8,515,767 km2
which can be regarded as large. This creates a population
destiny of 24.96/km2, although the population is highly
concentrated in the urban areas.
The1largest1city1in1the1country1is1Sao Paulo, which houses
more than 11.9 million residents and a further metropolitan
population of 21.1 million. Brazil experiences a growth rate of

12. 0.73% annually.
Demographics
The demographics in Brazil are diverse. Census in the region
showed that the Brazilians are comprised of white1(48%),
brown1(44%), black1(7%), yellow1(0.5%) and indigenous
(0.25%). The main1religion1in1Brazil1is1Christianity with over
90% of the population being catholic. This makes them have the
largest catholic population in the world at 123 million people.
The Brazilian men have a life expectancy of 71.6 years while
that of women is 78.8 years. This means that the Brazilian
people will have greater demands on healthcare and their
pensions in the years to come. On the other hand, the median
age of the population is 32 years while 62% of the population is
below 29 years.
Economic Development
Brazil has experienced some changes in its GDP. The GDP of
the country stands at 1,868 billion US dollars as of 2018. The
value of the GDP represents 3.01% of the world economy.
Between the years 2000 and 214,
Brazil1experienced1a1period1of1economic1and1social
progress.1This progress was due to various factors that had
happened in the economy such as, 29 million
people1had1left1poverty1and the inequality had significantly
declined. Also, the1income level1of1the1poorest140% in the
country increased by 7.1%. Though during the period, Brazil

13. experienced slow economic growth
There was
a1phase1of1depressed1economic1activity1in1the1country,
which was observed from the beginning of the decade. From
2006 up until 2010, there was a record of 4.5% growth rate of
the economy. The growth rate started to decline between 2011
and 2014 with a record of 2.1% growth rate. This was followed
by a significant contraction of the economy in 2015 and 2016.
The reason for the decline in economic development were
several. Falling of commodity prices was one of the reasons,
which was coupled by
the1country’s1limited1ability1to1carry1out fiscal1reforms.
Recovery of the economy was experienced in 2017 with a
growth of 1.1% which tricked into 2018.
References
Brazil Population 2020. (2019). Retrieved from
http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/brazil-population/
In Grivoyannis, E. C. (2019). International integration of the
Brazilian economy.
Overview. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/brazil/overview
Research and markets: Tomorrow's brazil examines how brazil's

14. population will change between 2008 and 2028. (2009, Apr
23). M2 Presswire Retrieved from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/444282530?accountid=151
051