1. APPLICATION AND TESTING OF
NONWOVEN
Submitted By:-Tina dhingra
The Technical Institute of Textile and Sciences ( Bhiwani)
M.tech (F.A.E)

2. Defination of nonwoven
• Defination According to ASTM 1989:-
Structure
produced by bonding or interlacement of fiber or both
accomplished by mechanical , chemical ,thermal or solvent
mean and the combination of techniques .
Term does not include
paper or fabric that are woven, knitted or tufted or those
made by other felting process.
or
we can say that nonwoven is direct conversion of fiber
to fabric.

3. Why to go for nonwoven????
• Due to high production a versality of use of
different fibres to produce final product having
required properties according to final product
and also elimination of spinning and weaving
process
• The function and general textile-physical and
chemical characteristics should also be evaluated
as a function of the very different end-uses of the
various materials

4. INDA -Standard methods of testing
nonwoven
• Trapezoid tear
• Cantilever stiffness
• Tear strength
• Breaking load and elongation
• Thickness
• Co-efficient of friction
• Resistance to dry cleaning and laundering
• Resistance to linting
• Web uniformity test
• Resistance to penetration of bacteria
• Gurley stiffness test
• Internal bond strength
• Weight (grammage)
Reference:- BY HASSAN M.BEHERY
(Nonwovens- Theory, process, performance and testing) chapter -10/207

5. Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single rip)
procedure
• The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
preferred test apparatus for determining tongue
tearing strength.
• This test method applies to most fabrics including
• woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise
treated.
Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or
without wetting.
Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02, D 5735-95

6. Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of nonwoven Fabrics
• A rectangular specimen, cut in the center
of a short edge to form a two-tongued
(trouser shaped) specimen,
• in which one tongue of the specimen is
gripped in the upper jaw and the other
tongue is gripped in the lower jaw of a
tensile testing machine.
• The separation of the jaws is continuously
increased to apply a force to propagate the
tear.
• At the same time, the force developed is
recorded.
• The force to continue the tear is calculated
from autographic chart recorders or
microprocessor data collection systems.
Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02, D 5735-95

7. Standard Test Method stiffness of nonwoven
fabrics using the cantilever test
• Scope :-
• This test method covers stiffness properties of nonwoven
fabrics by employing the principle of cantilever bending of
the fabric under its own weight.
• Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity calculated.
• This test method applies to most nonwoven fabrics that
are treated or untreated, including those heavily sized,
coated, or resin treated
Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02, D 5732-95

8. Stiffness testing method of the
non-woven fabrics
• Set the tester on a table or bench .
• Remove the movable slide. Place the specimen on
the stationary table with the length of the
specimen parallel to the edge of the table. Align
the edge of the specimen with the line scribed
6mm (1/4 in.) from the right-hand edge of the
table.
• Place the movable slide on to the specimen
careful not to change its initial position.
• Verify that the bend angle indicator is at the (41.5
degree) angle marked on the scale.
• In manually testers, move the clamped specimen
by hand in a smooth even manner until the edge
of the specimen touches the knife edge.
• Read and record the overhang length from the
linear scale to nearest 1 mm.
Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02,
D 5732-95

9. Application Area
1)Sanitary and Medical
uses
1.Feminine Hygiene
2.Diapers
3.Patient Apparel
4.Surgical gown/ mask
2)Packaging materials 1.Floor & wall covering
2.Blankets
3.Pillow covers, Bed sheets
4.Towels
5.Luggage & Table cloth
6.House hold wipes
3)Civil Engg. Application 1.Geotextiles water proofing
2.Roofing material

10. 4)FOOTWEAR
APPLICATIONS
1.Shoe cover
2.Lining
3.Sole
5) APPARELS 1.Interlinings
2.Protective clothing
3.Laboratory aprons
6)OTHER UTILITY
MATERIAL
1.Decorative textiles
2.Book covers
3.Tea bags
4.Tents

11. Hygiene and medical products
• The largest use of and textiles is for hygiene
applications such as wipes.
• Babies diapers (nappies) and adult sanitary and
incontinence products.
• Nonwoven fabrics are used in the medical and
hygiene sectors to treat patients both directly and
indirectly.
• This provides information on the compatibility of
materials and products which come into contact
with the skin.

13. Properties of the medical nonwoven
• The main criteria for determining the
suitability of textile products are :-
• – barrier efficiency toward bacteria, viruses,
liquids and dust particles
• – capacity to absorb and store body fluids
• – resistance to mechanical influences

14. Barrier efficiency towards
bacteria and liquids
SS 8760019 EDANA 190.0-8
ASTM F 1670-97
ASTM F 1671-97
DIN EN 20811
Bacterial loading of products DIN EN 1174
Particle emissions EDANA 220.0-96
EDANA 300.0-84
Liquid absorption capacity ASTM F 1819-97
Liquid storage capacity ISO 9073-6
Liquid transfer capacity Test methods of the leading organizations
of German medical
insurance companies
Textile-physical properties ISO 9073-3
ISO 9073-4
ISO 13938-1
STANDARD FOR MEDICAL AND HEIGIENE NON-WOVEN

15. Test methods for fluid barrier
properties of surgical gowns (AAMI)
• Impact penetration
• Hydrostatic pressure test
• Blood repellency test
• Antibacterial assessment

16. Test method for surgical gown
• Impact penetration:-
impact penetration test
is performed according to the AATCC 42. A 178x33O mm
sample with pre weighted blotting paper is placed on an
inclined surface at an angle of 45 as shown in figure.
• One end of specimen is clamped under the spring
clamp at the top of inclined stand. Another clamp of
0.4536 kg is clamped to the free end of sample.
• A 5OO ml of distilled water is poured in the funnel of
the tester and allowed to spray on to the specimen from
a height of 60 c.m.
• The blotting paper is removed and reweighed. The
amount of water passing through the fabric is given by
the change in weight of the blotting paper, which can be
used as an indication of water repellency.
Spray impact penetration
test
Reference:- VINAY KUMAR MIDHA
National seminar on nonwovens and technical textiles, October 5-6,2012
Department of textile technology, NIT Jalandhar

17. Household textiles
• Nonwoven fabrics can be used in the following
household textile applications:
• – floor coverings
• – sub-upholstery materials
• – webbings
Materials for use in the contract sector have to
meet legal specifications regarding their
flammability.

18. NONWOVEN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCT
Nonwoven wall hanging China nonwoven carpet

19. Materials for use in the contract sector have
to meet legal specifications regarding their
flammability:-
DIN 53 855-3: 1979-01 Testing of textiles – Determination of thickness of
textile
fabrics – Floor coverings
DIN 54 316: 1983-10 Testing of textiles – Determination of thickness loss
of
textile floor coverings at static load.
DIN 54 326: 1984-01 Testing of textiles – Determination of appearance
retention
of textile floor coverings – Tetra pod-walker-test
DIN 54 345-3 1985-07 Testing of textiles – Electrostatic behavior –
Determination
of electrostatic charge of textile floor coverings by
machine
Special DIN Standards exist only for floor coverings;
these are already subject to existing textile-physical
testing procedures for use in special applications.
These include, for example:-

20. Properties for household product
(carpets)
• Colorfastness to light
• Colorfastness to water
• Colorfastness to rubbing
• Colorfastness to dry-cleaning solvents
• Resistance to insects
• Bond strength with backing
• Resiliency
• Flammability
• Water repellency

21. Heat- and flame-resistant clothing
EN 469 Protective clothing for fire fighters – Requirements and
test methods for protective clothing for fire fighting
EN 1486 Protective clothing for fire fighters – Test methods and
requirements for reflective clothing for specialized fire fighting.
EN 470-1 Protective clothing for use in welding and allied processes
– Part 1: General requirements
EN 531 Protective clothing for industrial workers exposed to heat
(excluding fire fighters’ and welders’ clothing)
EN 533 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and flame –
Limited flame spread materials and material assemblies

22. EN 348 Protective clothing – Test method: determination of behavior of
materials on impact of small splashes of molten
metal
EN 366 Protective clothing – Test method: determination of behavior of
materials on impact of small splashes of molten
Metal
EN 367 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and fire – Method of
determining heat transmission on exposure to flame
EN 373 Protective clothing – Assessment of resistance of materials to
molten metal splash
EN 532 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and flame – Test
method for limited flame spread
EN 702 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and flame Test
method: Determination of the contact heat transmission through
protective clothing or its materials
Special testing standards:-

23. NONWOVEN IN
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
FLAME RESISTANCE NONWOVEN GLOVES
NONWOVEN USED
RESIST TO CHEMICAL

24. Filter fabrics
• Pulsejet fabric filters are widely used in many
industries like solid, fuel, Fired power generation.
• e.g. for industrial dust removal or for cleaning
atmospheric air.
• Conveyor belts, seal gasket, other industrial
equipment.
• nonwoven fabrics are to be used as filter media for
both wet and dry filtration.
• The end-use-specific textile physical and general
physical parameters should also be determined:-

25. Property of filter nonwoven fabric
• mass per unit area
• – thickness
• – gross density
• – percentage of pores
• – air permeability
• – strength and deformation characteristics
• – surface characteristics
• – behavior during further processing
• – moisture absorption capacity
• – burning behavior
• – electrostatic behavior

26. Required property of industrial fabrics
• Their resistance to other materials should also
be determined:
• – chemical resistance
• – thermal resistance
• – biological resistance, e.g. to bacteria

27. Geo Textiles
• Nonwoven geotextiles:-
nonwoven geotextiles are
thicker and made either from short and continuous
filaments, carded or laid in even patterns and then
mechanically (needle punched) or thermally bonded.
Woven geotextiles Nonwoven geotextiles

28. Benefits of nonwoven geotextiles
• Cheap and easy to manufacture.
• Superior chemical resistance in even the
aggressive environment application.
• Highly porous structure
• Staple fibres needle punched together to form
fabric capable of withstanding construction
installation stresses.

29. Published product standards for geotextiles and related
products, situation as at 1999-06 :-

30. GEO NONWOVEN

31. Mechanical property of geo textile
• Tensile and puncture properties of geotextiles
• Frictional behavior of geotextiles
• Creep behavior of geotextiles
• Hydraulic properties of geotextiles
• Porous structure of geotextiles
• Permeability characteristics of geotextiles

32. 1) Breaking (grab strength) ASTM D 5034-95
2) Trapezoid tearing strength ASTM D4533-04
3) Puncture strength ASTM D4833-00e1
4) Permittivity ASTM D4491-99a
(D5493-93)
5) Pore size ASTM D4451-04
(D6767-02)
6) Mass per unit area ASTM D5261-92
7) Bursting strength ASTM D3786-01

33. Thermoplasting fabrics in roofing/
waterproofing
ASTM D4830-98
Wide width tensile strength ASTM D4595
Abrasion damage simulation
( sliding block test)
ASTM D4886-88

34. (An apparatus for in Soil
testing)
Reference:- Amit Rawal , Tahir Shah and shubash Anand
Textile progress
Geotextiles : production, properties and performance
Vol. 42, no. 3, September 2010, 181-226

35. Conclusion…..
• nonwoven is direct conversion of fiber to fabric.
elimination of spinning and weaving process.
• Application area of nonwoven are medical and hygiene,
civil Engg. (geotextiles) apparel, footwear and other uses.
• These are standard method used for nonwoven.
Trapezoid tear, Cantilever stiffness, Tear strength,
Breaking load and elongation,Thickness,Co-efficient of
friction, Resistance to dry cleaning and laundering,
Resistance to linting.
• Nonwoven fabric is a cheap and easy to manufacture.

36. Other References
• www.Conteches.com “product/geotextlies/woven-geotextiles.”
• www.geofabrics.com “geotextiles”.
• www.conteches.com “geotextiles/nonwoven-geotextles”.
• Huang, W and Leonas, k. (2000). Evaluating a one Bath process for Imparting Antimicrobial
activity and Repellency to Nonwoven Surgical Gown Fabrics, Textile Research journal 70(9),
774-782.