ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
Cognitive theories of learning
1. Cognitive Theories of
Learning
Emphasis upon the concept that learning is a
process of discovering and understanding
relationships and of organizing and finding
significance in the sensory experiences around
by the external situation.
These theories maintain that the individual exists
in an environmental field which is constantly
changing.
3. Cognitive theorist
Interpret learning as the organization or
reorganization of the subject’s perceptual
system into meaningful patterns.
There are a number of cognitive theorists
and many more are still emerging.The
forerunners,howerver are Wolfgang kohler,
Kurth Lewin and Jerome Bruner whose
theories are all presented in this section
5. Gaining insight
Is a process of exploring, analyzing
and restructuring perceptions until
a solution is arrived at.
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10. 1. Law of Continuity
This law states the perceptual organization
to preserve smooth continuities rather than
abrupt changes.
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12. 2. Law of Closure
This law states that incomplete figures tend
to be seen as complete. For instance, the
following figures will be perceived better
as complete circles and squares.
13. 3. Law of proximity
This law holds that things close together are
grouped together in perception.
14. 4. Law of similarity
This law refers to the perception of similar
objects that tend to be related.
15. 5. Law of Pragnanz
This Law came about as an overarching principle of Gestalt
psychology. Developed by koffka(1993), it states that of
all the possible organizations that could be perceived
from a visual stimulus.
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19. - Focused on the psychological field or life
space of an individual.
Jerome Bruner came up with his learning
theory focused on the problem of what
people do with information to achieve
generalized insights or understanding.
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22. To him “ learning at its best is thinking,
thinking is the process whereby one
makes sense of a hodgepodge of
perceived facts through a process called
either conceptualization or categorization.
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27. Information – Processing
Theory
• Information Processing Theory is a
learning theory
• Describes psychological events in terms of
transformations of information from input
to output. These theories stress the value
of perception, attention, and memory in
the learning process.
29. Learning Theories and their Application
to classroom and School Practices
Learning Theories and their Application
to classroom and School Practices
• conditioning and reinforcement as the
bases for these theories.
• Influenced the use if reinforcements
techniques in the control of various kinds
of disruptive behavior in the classroom
which is reffered to as behavior
modification.
30. • Program learning is a system of learning in
which pre established subject matter is broken
down into sequential steps.
TRANSFER OF LEARNING
When learning is in one situation or one form
of activity affects one’s ability in other types of
activity or one’s performance in different
situations.
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34. Theories of transfer of learningTheories of transfer of learning
How transfer takes place has been the
subject of a number of studies which have
led to the formulation of several theories:
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43. The major problem of the classroom
teacher is knowing and applying the art of
motivation. No lesson plan is considered
complete unless it include motivation.
