Three key concepts for java batch

Timothy C. Fanelli - Senior IT Specialist
23 September 2013

Three Key Concepts for
Understanding JSR-352:
Batch Applications for the
Java Platform

© 2013 IBM Corporation

Sunday, September 22, 13

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2



About me
 Timothy C. Fanelli
 Senior IT Specialist, IBM - Mainframe
Workload Modernization
 Instructor of Software Engineering Clarkson University, Potsdam NY
 tim@timfanelli.com
 tfanelli@us.ibm.com, tfanelli@clarkson.edu
 Visit the IBM booth #5112 and meet other
IBM developers at JavaOne 2013
3



Agenda
 Background
 Three Key Concepts
– Implementation
– Orchestration
– Execution
 An Example JSR 352 Application
 Advanced Topics
– Splits and Flows
– Partitioning
– Java EE
 Conclusion and Thoughts on What’s Next...

4



Background



Batch Processing
 One of the oldest processing paradigms
 Historically associated with mainframe computing
 Still incredibly relevant today, with fresh challenges in an OLTP driven world

6



Java for Batch Processing?
 Mainframe developers have shied away from Java
– Performance concerns over native languages
– Integration concerns for legacy data
– Disparate developer skill set between System Z and Java

7



 Java and JavaEE have dominated the Online Transaction Processing world

7



 Time to bridge the two worlds together
– IBM Java for zOS, IBM WebSphere, and Spring Batch paved new paths
– Just-in-Time Compilation, Garbage Collection optimizations proved it out
– Adoption is wide-spread!

7



 Time to bridge the two worlds together
– IBM Java for zOS, IBM WebSphere, and Spring Batch paved new paths
– Just-in-Time Compilation, Garbage Collection optimizations proved it out
– Adoption is wide-spread!
 Only remaining challenge was the lack of a standard
– The need for JSR-352 was obvious

7



JSR 352: Batch Applications for the Java Platform
 Expert working group formed 29 November 2011
– IBM*, VMWare, RedHat, Oracle, Credit Suisse, Independent participants
– Broad range of talent with deep batch experience

8



 Final Release 24 May 2013

8



 Final Release 24 May 2013
 Included in Java EE 7!

8



Three Key Concepts...



Three Key Concepts ...
 JSR 352 defines
– Implementation: A programming model for
implementing the artifacts
– Orchestration: A Job Specification Language,
which orchestrates the execution of a batch
artifacts within a job.
– Execution: A runtime environment for executing
batch application, according to a defined
lifecycle.

Orchestrate

Implement

Execute

10



Three Key Concepts ...
 JSR 352 defines
– Implementation: A programming model for
implementing the artifacts
– Orchestration: A Job Specification Language,
which orchestrates the execution of a batch
artifacts within a job.
– Execution: A runtime environment for executing
batch application, according to a defined
lifecycle.

Orchestrate

Implement

Execute

 Note: “key” concepts, not “new” concepts!
– Roles and abstractions should be familiar to
SOA and JavaEE developers
10



Anatomy of JSR352
 Those concepts define the anatomy of JSR 352: Batch
Applications for the Java Platform...

11



Anatomy of JSR352

Orchestrate

Implement

Execute

11



Anatomy of JSR352

Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet

Orchestrate

Implement

Job
Operator

Job

Reader

Step

Processor

Chunk

Writer

Execute

Job Repository
Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

11



Implementation: The programming model
 Chunk and Batchlet provide models for implementing
a step.

Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

12



a step.
 Contexts provide Job- and Step- level runtime
information, and provide interim data persistence.

Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

12



a step.
 Listeners provide callback hooks to respond to
lifecycle events on batch artifacts.

Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

12



a step.
 Listeners provide callback hooks to respond to
lifecycle events on batch artifacts.

Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

 Partitioning provides a mechanism imposing parallel
processing on jobs and steps

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

12



Chunk vs Batchlet
Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

13



Chunk vs Batchlet
 Both are implementations of a step within a batch job
Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

13



Chunk vs Batchlet
 The chunk model
– Encapsulates a very common pattern: ETL
– Single “reader”, “processor” and “writer”
– Reader/Processor combination is invoked until
an entire “chunk” of data is processed
– Output “chunk” is written atomically

Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners

13



Chunk vs Batchlet
 The chunk model
– Encapsulates a very common pattern: ETL
– Single “reader”, “processor” and “writer”
– Reader/Processor combination is invoked until
an entire “chunk” of data is processed
– Output “chunk” is written atomically
 Batchlet provides a “roll your own” step type
– Invoked and runs to completion, producing a
return code upon exit.

13


Listeners
Contexts

Listeners

Partitioning

Batchlet
Reader
Processor

Chunk

Writer

Chunk
Chunk
Chunk
Listeners


Orchestration: The Job Specification Language (JSL)
 The JSL defines a batch job as an XML document
Job

14


Step


 Describes a step as an assemblage of batch artifacts

14


Job

Step


 Describes a step as an assemblage of batch artifacts

Job

Step

 Provides for the description of steps, step groupings,
and execution sequencing

14



Execution: The JobOperator and Repository
 JobOperator is the runtime interface for job
management, including start, stop, restart and job
repository related commands

Job
Operator

Job Repository

15



 The Job Repository holds information about
completed and executing jobs

15


Job
Operator

Job Repository


 The Job Repository holds information about
completed and executing jobs

Job
Operator

Job Repository

 To start a batch job, get a JobOperator instance use
it to start a job described (described by JSL).

15



Execution: JobInstance, JobExecution, and StepExecution

Job

Step

*
JobInstance

*
JobExecution

*

*

StepExecution
Job
Operator

16


Job Repository


Execution: JobInstance, JobExecution, and StepExecution
 The state of a job is broken down into various parts,
and persisted in the repository
– Submitting a job creates a JobInstance, a
logical representation of a particular “run” of a
job.
– A JobExecution is a single attempt to run a
JobInstance. A restart attempt creates another
JobExecution
– Similarly, a StepExecution is a single attempt to
run a step within a job. It is created when a step
starts execution.
Job
Operator

16


Job

Step

*
JobInstance

*
JobExecution

*

*

StepExecution

Job Repository


An Example JSR 352
Application



The Application

18



The Application
‣ A typical “batch hello world”:

18



The Application
– Reads strings from an input file

18



The Application
– Performs some validation or transforms

18



The Application
– Writes validated or transformed string to an output file

18



The Application
‣ Key capabilities

18



The Application
– If something goes wrong, we don’t want to discard all the
prior work; and we want to pick up where we left off

18



The Application
– We want control over the transaction scoping so prevent
lock contention in high volume periods

18



The Application
– We want flexibility to “plug and play” where our records
come from

18



The Application
– We want flexibility to “plug and play” where our records
come from
– For unit testing, development testing, and QA testing records may come from a variety of sources

18



The Design
‣ Let’s implement a string-transform in an extract-transform-load pattern

19



The Design
‣ We’ll use JSR352’s Chunk programming model

19



The Design
– Encapsulates the ETL pattern components as Reader, Processor, and Writer interfaces

19



The Design
– Loosely coupled artifacts will be orchestrated into a single-step job later

19



The Design
– “Free” checkpoint/restart capability

19



The Design
– Transaction scoping imposed externally in the job descriptor

19



The Design
– Transaction scoping imposed externally in the job descriptor
‣ Job will be executed as a Java SE command line batch application

19



The Code
Implement

20



The Code
Implement

‣ An ItemReader encapsulates the data
access and deserialization of a record.

20



The Code
Implement

‣ No restriction on data access paradigm: use
DAO patterns, JDBC, JPA, Hibernate,
Spring Data, etc!

20



The Code
Implement

‣ No restriction on data access paradigm: use
DAO patterns, JDBC, JPA, Hibernate,
Spring Data, etc!
‣ Checkpoint/Restart data provided as
Serializable argument to “open” and from
“checkpointInfo” methods.
20



The Code
Implement

21



The Code
Implement

 An ItemWriter is the output counterpart to
ItemReader

21



The Code
Implement

ItemReader
 Primary difference is that writeItems
accepts a “chunk” of output objects (as a
list) to serialize.

21



The Code
Implement

ItemReader
 Primary difference is that writeItems
accepts a “chunk” of output objects (as a
list) to serialize.
 Again, no restriction on data access
paradigm!

21



The Code
Implement

22



The Code
Implement

 An ItemProcessor encapsulates the
business logic applied to each record

22



The Code
Implement

 “main” here demonstrates the invocation of
a batch job, using the JobOperator

22



The Code
Implement

 “main” here demonstrates the invocation of
a batch job, using the JobOperator
 Would typically not be in the processor
implementation

22



The Batch Descriptor and Job Specification
Orchestrate

23



Orchestrate

 batch.xml defines and names
the batch artifacts in this
application archive

23



Orchestrate

 batch.xml defines and names
the batch artifacts in this
application archive
 sample.xml is an example Job
Specification Language
document for SampleBatchApp

23



The Execution
Execute

24



The Execution
Execute

 Package the application as a standard JAR or WAR
for deployment in JavaSE or EE environments
– batch.xml goes in META-INF or WEB-INF/
classes/META-INF
– JSL may go in META-INF/batch-jobs, or
submitted from an external source (up to the
provider!)

24



The Execution
Execute

25



The Execution
 See it live?

25


Execute


Advanced Topics



Job Management - Restart, Stop, Abandon
Execute

27



 Had something gone wrong, what then?
– The “main” program shown was too simple... only
“started” the job

27


Execute



Execute

 JobOperator exposes APIs for a variety of job
management tasks: start, stop, abandon, restart
– Would have had to take advantage of these for
advanced job management capabilities.

27




Execute

 JobOperator exposes APIs for a variety of job
management tasks: start, stop, abandon, restart
– Would have had to take advantage of these for
advanced job management capabilities.
 The door is left open for more advanced batch job
management systems to be built!
– Integration into existing enterprise schedulers?
– New Java EE batch scheduling standard?
– Plenty of options, but currently left to the provider
to implement
27



Java EE Integration
Execute

28



Java EE Integration
 JSR-352: Java Batch is included in Java EE 7

28


Execute


Java EE Integration

Execute

 Provides EE clustering, security, resource
management, etc to Java Batch applications

28



Java EE Integration

Execute

 Provides EE clustering, security, resource
management, etc to Java Batch applications
 Performance benefits to dispatching into longrunning, reusable container
– JIT compilation through the first couple runs
– Eliminates overhead of starting / stopping JVM

28



Parallel Job Processing
Orchestrate

29



 Splits and Flows provide a mechanism for executing
job steps concurrently at the orchestration layer

29


Orchestrate



Orchestrate

 A flow is a sequence of one or more steps which
execute sequentially, but as a single unit.

29




Orchestrate

 A Split is a collection of flows that may execute
concurrently
– A split may only contain “flows”; a step is not
implicitly a flow

29




Orchestrate

 A Split is a collection of flows that may execute
concurrently
– A split may only contain “flows”; a step is not
implicitly a flow
 This is done entirely in the JSL descriptor
– Imposed on the batch application with no code
changes!

29



Implement

30



 Step-level parallelism can be achieved programmatically using
step partitioning

30


Implement


step partitioning

Implement

 A partitioned step runs as multiple instances with distinct
property sets

30



step partitioning

Implement

 A partitioned step runs as multiple instances with distinct
property sets
 PartitionMapper defines the number of partitions, and property
values for each partition
– Can be a fixed set of partitions in JSL
– Can be dynamic using a PartitionMapper implementation

30




31



Wrap up...



Batch Processing
 The oldest “new thing” in Java
 JSR 352 applies the modern thinking and abstraction of Java EE and SOA and applies it to
sequential batch processing
 The standardized programming model provides application developers vendor portability
 Inclusion in Java EE 7 ensures wide spread availability

33



Questions?
Find this presentation and more!
http://ibm.co/JavaOne2013



Three key concepts for java batch

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