ImpressãO Spin Off Determinants Ans Consequences

UNIVERSITY SPINOFF ACTIVITIES Determinants and consequences A conceptual framework Aluno: Tiara Bicalho

Summary The objective of this study is to explain different aspects of the university spinoff behavior in a coherent way and to underline the importance of this activity for the economic development. Spinoff Concepts Contextualization The Six Streams University Spinoff Framework Conclusion

Contextualization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Universities have come to be highly valued in terms of the economic potential of their research efforts . There is a pressure on universities to generate return from government research support. ,[object Object],[object Object]

Summary The objective of this study is to explain different aspects of university spinoff behavior in a coherent way and to underline the importance of this activity for the economic development. Spinoff Concepts Contextualization The Six Streams University Spinoff Framework Conclusion

Roberts and Malone (1996) Nicolaou and Birley (2003a) Spinoff Concepts Mechanism in which government seek to generate economic impact from their R&D by transferring technology from the R&D function to a commercial organization. Define spinoffs based on the parent R&D Organization: government R&D laboratory, the university, university research center, and private R&D organizations. Steffensen (1999) and Rogers (2001) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Challenge: identifying and replicating the processes that facilitate swift movement of technology from the ivory tower of academia to the front-line of industry .

The Six Streams Determinants Consequences Individual Characteristics Organizational Resources Institutional Característics (Culture) Environmental Factors University Spinoff Activity Performance & Development Economic Development The existing literature on academic spinoff can be categorized into six separate streams that captures the determinants and consequences of spinoff activity.

Summary The Six Streams Organizational Resources Institutional Characteristics Environmental Factors Individual Characteristics Performance and Development Economic Development Spinoff Concepts Contextualization

The Six Streams Individual Characteristics Roberts (1991) ,[object Object],[object Object],Audretsch’s (2000) University entrepreneurs tended to be older and more scientifically experienced than ‘‘typical’’ high-technology entrepreneurs. Spinoff behavior is a reflection of individual actions and therefore is largely due to the personality, ability, career choice, or willingness of the individual to engage successfully in entrepreneurial behavior .

The Six Streams Organizational resources Level and nature of research funding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Nature of the research The nature of university science and engineering funding with a particular orientation in the biological sciences, computer science and chemistry disciplines had a positive and statistically significant effect on spinoff formation rates. Quality of the researchers Faculty members who develop leading edge innovations may wish to earn economic rents on valuable asymmetric information. It may be easier for academics from top tier universities to assemble resources to create start-ups for reasons of credibility. There are links between spinoff activity and the level and nature of research funding, the quality of the researchers, the nature of the research within the university, and the presence of technology incubators and technology transfer offices.

The Six Streams Organizational resources Technology incubators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Technology transfer offices (TTO) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Having the right mix of governance structures (i.e. matrix structures), processes (i.e. seed capital fund, patent protection, business plan and new venture development services) and context contributes to a successful generation of spinoff companies. .

The Six Streams Institutional Characteristics O’Shea at al. (2007) MIT founding mission and institutional support towards entrepreneurial activities played an important role in the development of academic entrepreneurship. Siegel et al.(2004) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],George at al. (2006) The extent to which institutional factors were viewed as being supportive (internal norms, TTO receptiveness), the more likely scientists were prepared to participate in technology transfer activity. Ndonzuau et al. (2002) Some cultural factors such as the ‘publish or perish’ drive, the ambiguous relationship of researchers to money, and the ‘disinterested’ nature of academic research to industry are seen as inhibitors to the academic spinoff activity. Universities with cultural norms that support commercialization activity will have higher levels of commercialization and higher rates of spinoff activity.

The Six Streams Environmental Factors Institutional Characteristics Access to venture capital ,[object Object],[object Object],Legal assignment of inventions ,[object Object],[object Object],Knowledge and industry infrastructure ,[object Object],[object Object],Four factors that could impact spinoff activity: access to venture capital, legal assignment of inventions, knowledge infrastructure in the region, and industry structure.

The Six Streams Performance and Development Phases of Development ,[object Object],[object Object],Performance Vohora et al. (2004) Vanaelst et al.(2006) Opportunity Recognition Entrepreneurial Commitment Credibility Sustainability Spinoffs modify, refine and develop their business model as they improve their knowledge of resources and opportunities. Spinoff development is an iterative and non-linear process.

The Six Streams Economic Development ,[object Object],[object Object],Economic Impact of Spinoff Activity University spinoffs are an important subset of start-up firms because they are an economically powerful group of high-technology companies.

Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

References O’SHEA et al. Determinants and consequences of university spinoff activity: a conceptual framework. Springer Netherlands.2008 Roberts, E., & Malone, D. E. Policies and structures for spinning off new companies from research and development organizations. R&D Management.1996 Nicolaou, N., & Birley, S. Academic networks in a trichotomous categorisation of university spinouts.Journal of Business Venturing. 2003 Ndonzuau, F. N., Pirnay, F., & Surlemont, B. (2002). A stage model of academic spin-off creation. Technovation. 2002 George, G., Jain, S., & Maltarich, M. Academics or entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial identity and invention disclosure behavior of university scientists. Paper presented at the University Technology Transfer and Commercialization of Research. 2006

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