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The Capital Network - Angel and Venture Term sheets
1.
Angel and Venture
Capital Term Sheets TCN March 6, 2013 Paul G. Sweeney Partner (617) 832-1296 psweeney@foleyhoag.com © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 1 | 1
2.
These materials have
been prepared solely for general information and educational purposes. The information protected does not constitute legal advice, nor does it establish any form of attorney-client relationship with the author or Foley Hoag LLP. Specific legal issues should be addressed through consultation with your own counsel, not by reliance on this presentation or these materials. Attorney Advertising. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. © Foley Hoag LLP 2013. United States Treasury Regulations require us to disclose the following: Any tax advice included in this document and its attachments was not intended or written to be used, and it cannot be used by the taxpayer, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein. © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 2 | 2
3.
INTRODUCTIONS § Paul Sweeney -
Corporate lawyer at Foley Hoag LLP § Co-Chair of Technology Practice § Named one of the “Top 20 Startup Lawyers in Boston,” and one of “Ten Most Innovative Lawyers in America” by the ABA Journal § Have worked on over 100 angel and venture capital financings (debt and equity) over 14 years of practice. © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 3 | 3
4.
What is a
term sheet? § a/k/a- “Letter of Intent,” “MOU,” “Agreement in Principle” § First major step in transaction, when material terms of deal are negotiated and agreed to – Focus on the deal is at its maximum – Gives road map for lawyers to draft actual docs § How much detail? Beware of: “The definitive documents will contain customary provisions regarding liquidation preference, anti-dilution protection, board composition, and required consents.” © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 4 | 4
5.
Non Binding (to
a point....) § A couple provisions are usually legally binding – Confidentiality (can’t disclose terms) – Exclusivity (can’t shop deal - usually 30-90 days) § Ordinarily, term sheet is otherwise not legally binding – Either party can walk – Closing the deal is subject to negotiating actual docs, due diligence, closing conditions – But terms are “morally” binding – if you really want to mess up your transaction, the term sheet is the place to do it © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 5 | 5
6.
VC financing at
its core § A sophisticated investor (or group of investors) invests money (capital) into the company in return for newly- issued shares of the company, along with certain contractual rights. § Shares acquired are usually convertible preferred stock – “Stock” – equity ownership (junior to debt) – “Common Stock” – basic unit of equity ownership; issued to founders/employees/consultants. – “Convertible” – converts into common stock – “Preferred” – has preference over common stock - dividends, distributions, liquidation, redemption, etc. © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 6 | 6
7.
Founders’ Main Concerns § Loss
of control § Dilution of personal equity position § Stock gets “tied up”, as well as subject to repurchase if terminated § Is the financing adequate for your plans? § Future capital needs and dilution? § Success of partnership with angels and VCs – access to key industry contacts, future $, business guidance © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 7 | 7
8.
Investors’ Main Concerns § Accuracy
of valuation (both present and projected) § Risk level of investment, and ROI § Liquidity if business in distress (downside protection) § Ability to participate in later rounds (upside protection) § Influence and control over management and strategic direction © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 8 | 8
9.
Overview § Economics of the
Deal § Control of Company § Monitoring and Preserving Investment § Maintaining / Increasing Equity Position § Liquidity for Investors § Restricted Stock for Founders © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title 9 | 9
10.
Key Terms § Economics of
the Deal - “Pre-Money Valuation” - Option Pool - Liquidation Preference - Anti-Dilution Protection - Dividends © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 10 10
11.
Pre-Money Terminology § “I’ll give
you $2 million at a $3 million pre.” § “We want to buy two-fifths, with a total investment of $2 million.” § “The company is worth $3 million, and so I’m looking to own 40% when we’re done.” © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 11 11
12.
Pre-Money Valuation § If my
money is buying me shares, then exactly how many shares do I get and what percentage of the company do those shares represent immediately after my investment? § Side note: Remember, the number of shares you hold only tells you half the story. Be careful of optics. – Compare Warren Buffet’s 350,000 shares of Berkshire Hathaway (33.1% of 1,060,000 total shares) with 350,000 shares of Google Inc. (0.1% of 324,890,000 total shares) © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 12 12
13.
Pre-Money/Post-Money § “Pre-Money Valuation” =
imputed dollar value of the company before the new money is invested § “Post-Money Valuation” = pre-money valuation + the amount invested. © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 13 13
14.
Pre-Money Valuation
§ Allows us to calculate the share price and the % of company being sold. Price = Pre-Money Valuation________ Pre-Money Shares Outstanding % Sold = Shares Issued = New $ Post-money Shares O/S Pre-Money + New $ § Pop Quiz: “I’ll invest $5 million at a $10 million pre money.” § Question: What percentage would the investor own after the investment? A: 33% B: 50% C: It’s too soon after lunch for a math quiz © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 14 14
15.
Post-Money Valuation Price
= Pre-Money Valuation Pre-Money Shares Outstanding § “Option Pool” is critical issue – Options are rights to buy shares of common stock in the future at a set price. Granted to employees, consultants, advisors, board members. – The “pool” is the number of shares of common stock that you have reserved for options outstanding and options to be granted in the future. – Do we have a sufficient number of shares “reserved” to compensate and motivate existing and future employees? – The higher this number, the lower the share price for the investors, and thus the higher the number of shares issued for the same amount of money invested. – Bigger isn’t always better. © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 15 15
16.
Option Pool § Pre Money
Valuation (Without Option Pool) 33% Investors Founders 67% © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 16 16
17.
Option Pool § Pre Money
Valuation (With Option Pool) 20% 33% Investors Founders Option 47% © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 17 17
18.
Easy Math Question § Offer
1: Pre-Money Value of $10 million, $5 million investment, 10% Post-Money Option Pool § Offer 2: Pre-Money Value of $11 million, $5 million investment, 20% Post-Money Option Pool § Which is the “better” offer for the founders? © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 18 18
19.
Math Geek Part
1 Answer § Offer 1, even though it’s a lower “pre-money valuation.” Founders’ shares retain more value due to the smaller post-money option pool: § Offer 1 Values: – Preferred Stock $ 5,000,000 – Option Pool 1,500,000 (10%) – Common Stock 8,500,000 – Total Post-money $15,000,000 § Offer 2 Values: – Preferred Stock $ 5,000,000 – Option Pool 3,200,000 (20%) – Common Stock 7,800,000 – Total Post-money $16,000,000 © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 19 19
20.
Term Sheet Language § Pre
Money Valuation and Option Pool “Pre Money Valuation: The Per Share Purchase Price will be $____, which is based upon a fully-diluted pre- money valuation of $____ million and a fully diluted post-money valuation of $____ million (including an employee pool representing ___% of the fully diluted post-money capitalization).” © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 20 20
21.
Related terminology § “Up round”
– where subsequent round is at a pre- money valuation that is higher than post-money valuation of the prior round § “Flat round” and “down round” § “Value” is sometimes the tail wagging the dog – in early stage companies, investors are often looking for a certain percentage of the company, and will back into a “valuation” that fits their math § “Cap table” skills highly rewarded © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 21 21
22.
We got a
high valuation! © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 22 22
23.
We got a
high valuation! You can set the pre- money valuation… …if I can set all the other terms” © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 23 23
24.
Liquidation Preference § Applies
when a “liquidation event” occurs (usually M&A) § When distributing liquidation proceeds, preferred stock has right to get a certain amount of money back before the common stock gets anything (the “preference.”) © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 24 24
25.
Liquidation Preference § Sometimes “multiples”
are used (1x, 2x, 3x the investment amount) § Sometimes accruing dividends are added on. § Sometimes the “preference overhang” (total amount of proceeds due to the preferred stock) is so great that the common stock is effectively worthless. © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 25 25
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Liquidation Preference § Three main
flavors (ranked in order of bitterness): – Non-participating – Participating preferred (with cap) – Participating preferred (without cap) Note: preferred always get the greater of either their preference or what they would receive if they converted to common stock © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 26 26
27.
What does the
term sheet say? “In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the proceeds shall be paid as follows: § Alternative 1 (Non-Participating Preferred Stock): “First pay the Original Purchase Price on each share of Series A Preferred. Thereafter, the balance of any proceeds shall be distributed pro rata to holders of Common Stock.” § Alternative 2 (Participating Preferred Stock with Cap): “First pay the Original Purchase Price on each share of Series A Preferred. Thereafter, Series A Preferred participates with Common Stock on an as-converted basis until the holders of Series A Preferred receive an aggregate of [two] times the Original Purchase Price.” § Alternative 3 (Participating Preferred Stock): “First pay the Original Purchase Price on each share of Series A Preferred. Thereafter, the Series A Preferred participates with the Common Stock on an as- converted basis.” © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 27 27
28.
Examples of Liquidation
Preference • Assume a $5m Series A investment at $20m pre-‐money valua7on (resul7ng in the Series A investors owning 20% of the company). The company ends up being sold for $40m without any addi7onal shares issued aEer the Series A investment. • A “1X Non-‐Par+cipa+ng Preferred” means Series A get the greater of their $5m preference or what they would receive if they converted to common (i.e., 20% of $40m, or $8m). Result: $8m goes to the Series A; $32m goes to the common stock. (20%) • A “1X Par+cipa+ng Preferred with a 2X Cap” means Series A get their $5m preference plus 20% of the remaining $35m up to a total 2X cap ($10m). Result: $10m goes to the Series A; $30m goes to the common stock. (25%) • A “1X Par+cipa+ng Preferred without a cap” means Series A get their $5m preference (the “preferred”) plus 20% of the remaining $35m, or $7m (the “par7cipa7ng”). Result: $12m goes to the Series A; $28m goes to the common stock. (30%) © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 28 28
29.
Liquidation Preference –
Take Aways § Calculating Liquidation Preference gets VERY complicated, especially when multiple rounds of preferred are “stacked.” § Liquidation preference is almost never negotiable, but participating preferred is almost always is. § Liquidation preference becomes less meaningful in very large exit events, and participating preferred can be meaningless in very small exit events. § “Flat spots” can create divergent incentives § Early round investors often regret having received very rich terms, as these set a precedent for later rounds. § Only applicable in a “liquidation event.” There are some “exits” (e.g. IPO) where preferred get converted to common, and liquidation preference becomes meaningless. © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 29 29
30.
Antidilution Protection § Protects investors
in a “down round” - when new money comes in at a pre-money valuation (or price per share) that is lower than the previous round’s post- money valuation. § Anti-dilution protection is triggered whenever company issues shares at a lower valuation § Certain (critical) exceptions will not trigger the adjustment © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 30 30
31.
Antidilution Protection § How does
it work? At the beginning, preferred stock converts to common stock at a 1-for-1 ratio. § When the anti-dilution protection is triggered, the conversion ratio is adjusted, resulting in the preferred stock getting more shares of common stock upon conversion. § 2 Types: “Weighted Average” and “Full Ratchet” § Don’t fight the concept - focus on mitigating the impact (e.g. weighted average with broad list of exceptions) © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 31 31
32.
Dividends § Another “debt-like” feature
of preferred stock § Automatic vs. declared § Cumulative vs. non-cumulative § Compounding vs. non-compounding § Dividends matter more with disappointing investments than with home runs © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 32 32
33.
Control – Protective
Provisions § aka “Negative covenants,” “Veto rights” or “blocking rights” § Essentially a list of things you can’t do without investors’ prior consent - Consent at either the Board or Stockholder level § Usually hotly negotiated § This is a foot on the break, not on the accelerator § Gets complicated in later rounds; interests of investors can diverge § Dependent on retaining level of ownership? © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 33 33
34.
Control – Board
Seats § Usually investors require one or more board seats § Challenge: What is proper balance between founders, investors (both existing and new), and outside directors? § Keep board size manageable – bigger is not always better § Sometimes a “board observer” rather than board seat © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 34 34
35.
Monitoring and Preserving
Investment § “Affirmative” Covenants § Financial Reporting Requirements § Rights to Financial Information and Access © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 35 35
36.
Maintaining / Increasing
Equity Position § Pre-emptive / Participation Rights (Company’s stock) - Right to buy shares in future company financing - Major investors sometimes eat up unsubscribed shares - “Pay to Play” § Rights of First Refusal (Founder’s Stock) © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 36 36
37.
Liquidating Equity Position § Drag-Along
Rights (M&A) – triggered by required percentage of preferred – forces founders and common holders to vote in favor of deal – makes “dissenters rights” moot § Tag-Along Rights (Co-sale with founder) § Registration Rights (IPO) § Redemption Rights © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 37 37
38.
Founders Restricted Stock § Company
has right to purchase “unvested” shares if founder’s employment terminates § Vesting usually 4 years, with one-year cliff § Sometimes founders get “credit” for prior vesting, or a shorter vesting period § Forfeited shares have “anti-dilutive” effect on all other equity § Single and double trigger acceleration on change of control § Possible tax complications © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 38 38
39.
A Word on
Convertible Notes § Automatic conversion on qualified financing § Discounts are becoming increasingly common; sometimes coupled with a cap on valuation § Paid or converted upon acquisition § Interest Rate § Maturity Date § Collateral (secured or not) § % needed to amend terms © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 39 39
40.
Final Thoughts © 2008
Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 40 40
41.
Final Thoughts © 2008
Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 41 41
42.
Final Thoughts § Choose your
legal advisors wisely. This stuff gets complicated fast. And do it early (before negotiating the term sheet!) § Choose your investors wisely. All money is not created equal – their belief in you and your team is more important than their capital. § Choose your fights wisely. Make sure you know what really matters to you, and understand the market dynamics. Don’t be afraid to ask “why do you need that?” © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 42 42
43.
Other Resources § www.emergingenterprisecenter.com:
– Glossary (commonly used terms) – Ask the Startup Lawyers (common questions and answers; submit your questions!) – EEC Perspectives (our quarterly publication tracking terms of New England VC deals) § NVCA Model Venture Capital Financing Documents (including model term sheet): – www.nvca.org (click “Resources” then “Model Legal Documents”) or use http://bit.ly/bj7Pn – Forms are intended as starting point only © 2008 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved. 2013 Presentation Title | 43 43
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Questions?
Paul G. Sweeney Partner (617) 832-1296 psweeney@foleyhoag.com © 2013 Foley Hoag LLP. All Rights Reserved.