3. Flight controls and instrument panels vary, but have the
same basic functions.
FLIGHT CONTROLS
4. The control wheel or yoke is used to steer the airplane
in different directions.
Turning Left
Straight and Level
Turning Right
Side Stick
Some airplanes have a
stick rather than a wheel
but it works the same.
FLIGHT CONTROLS
5. Moving the yoke LEFT or RIGHT moves the ailerons on the
wings in opposite directions. One moves UP as the other
goes DOWN.
Turning Left
Turning Right
FLIGHT CONTROLS
6. Pulling back on the yoke moves the elevator on the
tail UP, moving the airplane nose UP to climb.
FLIGHT CONTROLS
7. Pushing forward moves the elevator DOWN, moves the
nose DOWN to descend.
FLIGHT CONTROLS
8. Pilots use rudder pedals on the floor to move the
rudder LEFT or RIGHT to help the airplane turn.
Brakes are
located at the
top or “toe” of
the pedal
FLIGHT CONTROLS
9. The airspeed indicator shows speed through the air --- not
over the ground.
The pitot tube on the
wing catches onrushing air. This “ram
air” is compared to
“static” air to
determine air speed.
The static port
measures static or
still air – air that is
not affected by the
airplane’s speed
through the air
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
10. The attitude indicator provides an artificial horizon to
show the pilot the airplane’s position in relation to the
ground.
Here, the airplane is banking left
with its nose on the horizon —
where brown “ground” meets
blue “sky.”
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
11. The altimeter measures air pressure outside the airplane
and compares it to air pressure at sea level to determine
altitude.
Like the hands of a clock, the long
hand shows smaller increments
(100s of feet) while the shorter hand
shows larger increments (1,000s of
feet).
This altimeter is reading 1720 feet.
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
12. The turn coordinator shows if the wings are level or banked.
The position of the ball indicates if the airplane is turning
properly.
Turn Coordinator
The ball is centered when
the turn is balanced by rudder
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
13. The heading indicator displays the direction of flight.
This airplane is heading south
at 175 degrees.
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
14. The vertical speed indicator uses changes in air pressure
to indicate rate of climb or descent.
Airplane is descending at 190
feet per minute
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
15. Pilots use radios to communicate with air traffic
control and other pilots. Other radios also are used
to navigate using ground stations or satellites.
COMMUNICATION
16. Most airplanes have a radar transponder that shows
their location, speed and altitude to air traffic
controllers
An assigned
four-digit
code helps
identify a
particular
airplane on a
controller’s
radar screen
COMMUNICATION
17. Pilots increasingly use GPS satellite navigation to display
position and ground speed, locate nearby airports, and
plot course, distance and time to any destination
Bottom: Flat-panel GPS moving maps and
flight displays are just the ones in airliners
and some cars.
Top: GPS can be small,
handheld and portable.
18. There are plenty of things to learn
INSIDE THE COCKPIT OF AN AIRPLANE
Red circle controls in all four photos
Label on photo: Yoke (Wheel) or Stick or Side stick
3. TITLE: /Instrument/ in red
Photos top row: Switch right and center photos or level wheel is in center, right turn is on right!
Under top photos (from left) Turning Left Flying “Straight and Level” Turning Right
Make red: /down/ (in L2 paren)
Add: Top right photo, full length side view (air to air) with arrow NOSE UP
Top photo: reverse arrow to indicate PUSH
Bottom photo: Elevator DOWN , arrow DOWN
New top right photo, airplane full length air- to-air, Arrow NOSE DOWN
TITLE fix red /A/ in /Airspeed/
Delete color in left text inset: /on wing/
Add photo and label: Static Port
Ad inset text under static port photo
TITLE red only on /Attitude Indicator/ and /Artificial Horizon/
2. Red circle the miniature airplane on the large DG
3. Insert text in white space: Here, the airplane is banking LEFT with its nose BELOW the horizon (where brown “ground” meets blue “sky.”)
TITLE red only /Altimeter/
Fix inset text font
Label top right arrow /Turn Coordinator/
Lower left arrow to text insert
Add text in white space: (The second thought in the TITLE as shown about /The Ball…./) and delete L3 from TITLE
Show word BALL in red or color
Fix instruments in six pack to agree: Change Airspeed to 100, Change VSI 300 fpm DOWN etc., change TC to left turn.
Flix large VSI to 300 fmp down
1. Red circle code
1.Add inset text below two photos
Show an assigned code in the transponder shot (not 1200)
2. TITLE /radar/ in red
ADD Top right text, arrow to top left photo: GPS can be miniaturized and portable.
ADD Bottom text, arrow to photo right: Flat panel GPS moving maps and flight displays are just like airliners and the Space Shuttle.
3. TITLE /GPS/ in red