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3, users & groups
1.
Users & Groups
2.
Agenda
3.
概述 • linux下面可以创建很多不同的用户, 这些用
户(user)又可以被分配到不同的组(group)中, 其中用户与组是一种多对多的关系; • 用户与组的概念是与权限密不可分的, 所谓 权限指的是用户或者组对某个目录或者文 件是否具有读(read)/写(write)/执行(execute) 等权限, linux系统的权限是通过用户和 组进行控制的.
4.
用户
普通用户 & 超级用户 • 什么是用户? linux下面用户可以理解为登录到系统的某个账户, 比如前面在安装系统时创建的demo就是一个用 户. 普通用户与下面介绍的超级用户不同, 它对系 统只有有限的权限; • 超级用户 linux系统下面有一个超级用户root, 在安装系统 时需要制定该用户的登录密码; 该用户对系统具 有全盘控制的权限; 如非必要不要使用root用户 登录进行操作, 以免造成不可挽回的损失.
5.
用户
相关的文件和命令 • /etc/passwd 这个文件存放系统用户的相关信息, 下面是从中摘录的一行: demo:x:500:500:demo user:/home/demo:/bin/bash 这一行代表的是demo用户的信息, 格式如下: 用户名:密码:用户ID(UID):组ID(GID):用户说明:Home目录:Shell 说明: 1, Home目录 是用户工作的主目录, 在用户登录之后会自动进入到该目录, root用户的 home目录是/root, 其它用户的home目录一般是/home/用户名, 比如demo 用户的是/home/demo 2, Shell shell中文翻译是”壳”, 可以理解为linux操作系统的壳, 通过它可以与系统进 行交互; Shell本质是一个命令行的接口, 通过它实现与系统的交互; 用户登录控制台之后会自动初始化shell, 目前比较流行的shell有bash, c shell等, 其中bash是默认shell; 这里使用的是bash shell. 可以通过echo $SHELL命令查看当前使用的shell.
6.
用户
相关的文件和命令 • /etc/shadow 该文件存放的是用户加密后的密码信息, 示例: demo:$1$CWKT7d8H$ywVjaA61wnZm5WGivPMxV1:15698:0:99999:7::: • id命令 使用id命令可以查看当前用户的相关信息, 如下: uid=500(demo) gid=500(demo) groups=500(demo) 这里显示了用户id, 组id, 以及附加组id • 练习 使用root用户登录之后, 运行如下命令查看这两个文件的内 容: cat /etc/passwd cat /etc/shadow 运行id命令, 查看当前用户的信息: id
7.
组
相关的文件和命令 • /etc/group 使用root用户可以查看该文件的内容, 示例: demo:x:500:demo 内容的格式是: 组名:密码:组id(GID):组成员列表(使用逗号分隔) • /etc/gshadow 存放组密码, 通常不使用. • 使用groups命令或者id -g命令查看当前用户的组信 息, 示例: groups # 输出用户所属组的名称列表 id -g # 输出用户所属主组的id id -G # 输出用户所属所有组的id
8.
组
主组和附加组 • 用户可以分配到多个组中, 其中一个是主组 (Primary group), 其它的均是附加组(Supplementary Group), 使用id daemon命令输出: uid=2(daemon) gid=2(daemon) groups=2(daemon),1(bin),4(adm),7(lp) 可以看到用户的主组是daemon, 附加组有bin, adm 和 lp等.
9.
用户 & 组管理 •
通常linux下面的用户管理操作是通过root用户进行 的, linux为用户&组的管理工作提供了相应的命令, 下面 将逐一进行介绍. • useradd 创建用户命令, 常用选项如下: -d 指定用户的HOME目录, , 如果不指定则默认在/home目录下 创建于用户名相同的文件夹作为HOME目录; -g 指定用户的主组, 如果不指定则会自动创建 一个与用户名相同的组作为主组; -G 指定用户的附加组, 可以有多个; -e 指定用户的过期日期, 日期格式使用YYYY-MM-DD指定; -c 用户描述性信息; -s 用户登录shell 示例: useradd -g demo -G daemon test
10.
用户 & 组管理 •
passwd 设置用户的密码, 此命令应该在useradd之后立即运行; 常用 选项: -l 锁定用户密码, 相当于对用户进行了锁定 示例: passwd test # 按照提示输入密码 passwd -l test # 锁定test用户 • userdel 删除系统用户, 常用选项: -r 删除用户HOME目录, 如不指定HOME会保存; -f 强制删除, 即使当前用户已经登录; 示例: userdel -r test
11.
用户 & 组管理 •
groupadd 创建一个用户组, 常用选项: -g 指定Group ID 示例: groupadd –g 600 test • usermod 修改用户的相关信息, 包括: 组, HOME目录以及过期日期等, 常用选项: -g 修改主组 -G 修改附加组 -e 修改过期日期, 日期格式YYYY-MM-DD -d 修改HOME目录 示例: usermod -g demo -G demo demo
12.
END
Hinweis der Redaktion
联系:1, 查看/etc/group, /etc/gshadow文件的内容, 了解文件格式.2, 练习使用id, groups命令查看用户的组信息.
练习:区分用户主组 和 附加组.