6. Key Characteristics of Porifera
Sponges; Pore-bearing (Porocytes)
no germ layers and tissue layers making it
parazoic, no digestive tract
Sessile organisms during adult stage
Specialized cells
1. Amoebocytes – provides elasticity and it can
be specialized into Archaeocytes, cells for
reproduction
2. Choanocytes – for filter feeding mechanisms
3. Pinacocytes – flattened structure for external
covering of sponges’ body.
7.
8. Inner Canal System
Asconoid- simplest type among
canal systems the choanocytes lie
in a large chamber called the
spongocoel
Syconoid- choanocytes lie
in canals
Leuconoid-considered the
major plan for sponges, for it
permits greater size and more
efficient water circulation.
11. Key Characteristics of Porifera
- Exoskeleton, spicules, which are
primarily made up of Calcium
carbonates and Silicon compound
sometimes spongin (Proteinaceous fibers
like collagen).
Spongin Siliceous Calcareous
13. Key Characteristics of Porifera
It has flagellated larval stage called parenchymula or
amphiblastula.
Regeneration is at the peak (Fragmentation followed by
regeneration).
17. 2. Hexactinelida
- Hexagonal Spicules are made up
of silicon compounds which make it
appears as glassy.
Venus Flower Basket
(Euplectella aspergillum)
Classes of Porifera
18. 3.) Demospongiae
- Spicules are made up of
silicon and mainly Spongin
(proteinaceous fiber made
up of collagen)
Classes of Porifera
Freshwater sponge
(Axinellidae stylinos)
28. Key Characteristics of Cnidaria
Radially symmetrical
Diploblastic or two germ
layers (ectoderm and
endoderm) resulting to two
tissue layers (epidermis and
gastrodermis which serves as
lining of gut cavity or
gastrovascular cavity.
In between these tissue layers
is a noncellular jelly-like
material called mesoglea.
55. Platyhelminthes
- Eumetazoic incomplete meaning w/ digestive tract
but no anus.
- Almost all are hermaphrodite but cross fertilize
- The three major classes are turbellaria (planaria),
trematoda (flukes) and cestoda (tapeworm).
- All members of the class trematoda and cestoda are
parasitic.
- Parasitic flatworms have cuticle made up of chitin
which serves as an adaptation in parasitic living.
56. Classes of Platyhelminthes
1.) Turbellaria
- only the free living flatworm.
- non-parasitic flatworm.
- Eumetazoic incomplete
meaning w/ digestive tract but
no anus
- Nervous system is in the form of
ganglia
Planaria
(Dugesia tigrina)
62. Types of Host
1.Primary host – host where
sexual reproduction take
place.
2.Secondary and Tertiary –
for asexual reproduction.
Ex: Snail
1.Paratemic Host – the host is
living thing.
2.Fomite – non-living host but
can actually submit disease.
Ex: Doorknob, straw and
glass
Types of parasite
1.Parasitoid – they are parasites which kill the host.
2.Opportunistic parasite – They feed for future use.
Ex: Butterfly, for instant food when their eggs hatched.
69. Nematoda- Formerly named as Aschelminthes (Ascus means
round while helminthes means worms)
- They are ROUNDWORMS
- They are all Parasitic worms
- Possess hydrostatic skeleton (Hydrostatic – liquid
medium in coelomic fluid ; skeleton – support)
70. Nematoda- Pseudocoelomate coelom formation arises from blastocoels and
no peritoneum.
- Also consists of cuticle, an exoskeleton made up of polysaccharide
chitin – an important adaptation of worms in parasitic lives.
- Have renette cells, an excretory organ.
- Have chemoreceptors, Phasmids (located at posterior end) and
Amphids (located at anterior end)
71. Classes of Nematoda
1.) Phasmidia (Secernentea) – with Phasmids
Ascaris/Giant intestinal worm
(Ascaris lumbricoides)
Pinworm
(Enterobius vermicularis)
72. Classes of Nematoda
2.) Aphasmidia
(Adenophorea)
- With amphids
Whipworm
(Trichiuris trichiura)
Trichina worm
(Trichinella spiralis)
77. Mollusca- Soft bodied organisms
- With Radula as Rasping Apparatus.
- With Ventral Muscular foot for locomotion
- Most are open circulatory system except for Cephalopods
- They have mantle that secretes CaCo3 to form shells
78. • Radula is a rasping structure looks like a conveyor
belt that scrapes food and move it to the
digestive tract
79. Anatomy of a gastropods (Representative of Mollusca)
91. 2 shells or valves are held together by a hinge ligament
Valves are drawn together by strong adductor muscles
Umbo is the oldest part of the shell with growth occurring outward in rings
107. AnnelidaCame from the word “Annulus” which
means “little rings”
Internally and externally segmented
Triploblast, eucoelomate
(schizocoelous)
Most are hermaphrodite.
Some have “setae” which serves for
succession for locomotion.
Digestive system is complete
Circulatory system is closed,
Excretory system typically consists of a
pair of nephridia per segment.
108. Esophagus
Mouth
Pharynx
Crop -
storage Gizzard - mechanical digestion
Typhlosole
Increases surface area
for absorption
Intestine - chemical digestion
Lumen of intestine
Anus
(a) Earthworm
109. AnnelidaSexes are usually separate with gonads occurring in
each segment
Some species have gonad specific segments
Breeding is usually seasonal (spring or fall)
As gametes mature they fill the coelom and are
released by the nephridia
Fertilization can be internal or external
Trochophore larvae develop, which are remarkably
related with the Mollusks
110. Classes of Annelida
1. Oligochaeta
- Presence of Clitellium, a
thick epidermis that
secretes cocoon
- “Oligo”, means few while
“chaeta” is attributed to
setae, therefore,
oligochaetes posses few
setae
Common Earthworm
(Lumbricus terrestris)
116. Clamworm
(Nereis virens)
Classes of Annelida
2. Polychaeta
- “Poly”, means many while
“chaeta” is attributed to
setae, therefore,
Polychaetes posses many
setae
- They are aquatic
organisms
- They posses parapodia for
gas exchange
124. Key Characteristics of Arthropoda
segmented animals and has jointed appendages.
largest among the phyla in animal kingdom in terms of
number of species and the population of each species.
Most successful group due to capacity to lay eggs in
thousands.
125. Key Characteristics of ArthropodaSome are capable of flight.
Size in advantage due to minimal amount of food
requirements.
It has exoskeleton (cuticle) which is made up of chitin and
serves as protection
They can live everywhere.
126. 1. Insecta
- Six-legged organisms
- Three body regions (Head, thorax and
abdomen
Classes of ARTHROPODA
131. 2. Arachnida
- eight-legged organisms
- Two body regions (Cephalothorax
and abdomen)
- They respire through
book lungs.
-
FUSED Head and
thorax
Classes of ARTHROPODA
143. Key Characteristics of Echinodermata
“Echino” means spinny and “dermata” skin
Pentaradial symmetry
Water-vascular cavity, tube feet
Invertebrate deuterostome
144. Key Characteristics of Echinodermata
Endoskeleton is called as ossicles
Spines in Starfishes and sea urchins, “Pedicellarias”
serves for protection
Tube feet are hollow thin-walled tubes that have
suction cup on the end and looks like eyedroppers.
This structure allows locomotion, gas exchange and
excretion
Ampulla, opposite end of the suction cup that
corresponds to the bulb of the eyedropper. It has
muscles that relax and contract similar to the
squeezing movement of the tube feet.
145. Key Characteristics of Echinodermata
Madreporite, a sieve-like, disk-shaped opening in
the echinoderm’s body. It acts like little strainer
that prevents large particles to enter the
echinoderms’ body.
163. Classes of Chordates
Fishes
Agnatha or jawless
Fishes
e.g, Hagfish and
Lampreys
Chondrichthyes or
cartilaginous fishes
e.g, Sharks and stingrays
Osteichthyes or bony
fishes.
e.g, Tuna and Eel
85 jawless species
850 cartilagenous species
25000 bony species
Fish species by habitat
41% freshwater
58% seawater
1% both fresh and seawater
1.Fishes
- An endothermic aquatic chordate with
appendages developed as fins, respiring mainly
through gills and with a body covered by scales.
164. 1. Agnatha
-this group of fishes is known as jawless fish.
-these fishes are ectoparasites of aquatic organisms
because they suck blood from their hosts.
Classes of Chordata
Hagfish
Lamprey
165. Basis of Comparison Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Supportive Tissues
Composition
Made up of chondrocytes
or cartilaginous cells
Made up of Osteocytes or
bone cells
Scales Placoid Ganoid, ctenoid and cycloid
Lobes of Tail Heterocercal Homocercal
Swim Bladder, gives
the fish bodies with
neutral buoyancy
Absent, Heterocercal tail
provide uplift movement
during swimming
Present
Location of Mouth Ventral Anterior
Gill Slits Naked Covered by Operculum
Table 2: Comparison of cartilaginous and bony fish
166. 2. Chondrichthyes
-also known as cartilagenous fishes because their supportive tissues or
skeleton are made up of cartilage. (see table 2 for comparison)
Stingrays White Shark
(Carcharodon carcharias)
Classes of Chordata
168. Classes of Chordata
3. Osteichthyes
- also known as Bony fishes because the supportive tissues or
skeleton is made up of bone. (see table 2 for comparison)
Pacific Sea Horse
(Hippocampus kuda)
Tilapia
(Tilapia nilotica)
172. Feeding mechanisms of bony fishes
Grazers feed on
plants and algae
Filter feeders filter
plankton through their
gills
Most of fishes are
carnivorous or feed on
other aquatic animals.
173. Lateral LineThis serves as mechanoreceptor that detects vibrations in water.
This line is made up of small canals filled with sensory cells
174. Behaviors
Schools – well defined
groups of fishes
Well coordinated with no
leaders
Used a protection by
confusion
Increase swimming
efficiency
Advantageous in feeding
175. Anadromous fish – live
mostly at sea and
migrate to freshwater
to breed (salmon)
Catadromous fish –
breed in sea and live
in rivers (eels)
Migrations of fishes
176. 4. Amphibia (Amphibians)
- No epidermal outgrowth
- Capable of cutaneous respiration
Red-backed Salamander
(Plethodon cinereus)
Panamanian golden toad
(Atelopus zeteki)
Classes of Chordata
Asian bullfrog
(Rana tigrina)
American bullfrog
(Rana castesbeiana)
177. 5.Reptilia (Reptiles)
- Scales as epidermal outgrowth
Philippine crocodile
(Crocodylus mindorensis)
Pond Turtle
(Siebenrockiella leytensis)
Classes of Chordata