History of Isreali Palestine conflict

History of the Israeli–
Palestinian conflict
1

HISTORY OF THE ISRAELI–PALESTINIAN
CONFLICT
1900-1917 - Zionism and Early Jewish Immigration to Israel
 The conflict has been going on since the early 1900s, when
the mostly-Arab, mostly-Muslim region was part of the
Ottoman Empire and, starting in 1917, a 'mandate' run by the
British Empire. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were moving
into the area, as part of a movement called Zionism among
mostly European Jews to escape persecution and establish
their own state in their ancestral homeland. (Later, large
numbers of Middle Eastern Jews also moved to Israel, either
to escape anti-Semitic violence or because they were forcibly
expelled.) Communal violence between Jews and Arabs in
British Palestine began spiraling out of control.
2

CONFLICT
1915-1916 - Hussein-McMahon Letters: British Encourage
Arab Uprising against Ottoman Empire
 The Hussein-McMahon correspondence between Sharif
Hussein of Mecca, governor of the Hijaz province of Arabia,
and Sir Henry McMahon, the British high commissioner to
Egypt, represents one of the most controversial aspects of
British involvement in the Middle East. In a series of eight
letters written between 14 July 1915 and 30 January 1916, the
two men negotiated the terms under which Hussein would
encourage the Arabs to revolt against the Ottoman Empire
and enter World War I on the side of the Allies. In particular,
Hussein demanded British recognition of the independence
of the Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire now known as
Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, and
Saudi Arabia.
3

CONFLICT
May 16, 1916 - Sykes-Picot Agreement Sets Borders
 On May 16, 1916, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, officially known
as the Asia Minor Agreement, laid down the borders of the
Middle East as we have known them for a century. The
diplomats, Francois Georges-Picot for France and Sir Mark
Sykes for Britain, had worked out the details in five months
of negotiations, from November 1915 to March 1916.
 The agreement was marked out on a map with grease pencil
in a series of straight lines, most likely to create
'uncomplicated borders.' The agreement divided the land that
had been under Ottoman rule since the early 16th century into
new countries in two spheres of influence: Iraq, Transjordan
and Palestine under British control; and Syria and
Lebanon under French control.
4

CONFLICT
June 1916 - Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire
 Sharif Hussein bin Ali, Emir of Mecca and King of the Arabs
(and great grandfather of King Hussein), launched the Great
Arab Revolt...
 In June 1916, as head of the Arab nationalists and in alliance
with Britain and France, Sharif Hussein initiated the Great
Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule. His sons, the emirs
Abdullah and Faisal, led the Arab forces, with Emir Faisal’s
forces liberating Damascus from Ottoman rule in 1918. At the
end of the war, Arab forces controlled all of modern
Jordan, most of the Arabian Peninsula and much of
southern Syria."
5

CONFLICT
Nov. 2, 1917 - Balfour Declaration: British Government
States Intent to Create a Jewish Homeland in Palestine
 In Nov. 1917 the British Government stated its support for
a Jewish homeland in Palestine when it released the
"Balfour Declaration," which read in part:
 "His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment
in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will
use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this
object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done
which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing
non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and
political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."
6

CONFLICT
1914-1918 - World War I and the Collapse of the Ottoman
Empire
 World War I radically changed the political geography of the
Middle East. The Ottoman Empire had long been the 'Sick
Man of Europe,' hemorrhaging territory for nearly a century. It
lost control of its European possessions prior to the war and,
having allied with the defeated Central Powers, lost its Middle
Eastern territories afterward. The victorious Allies transformed
the Middle East into its current form, with its European-
designed names, flags, and borders...
 Ottoman provinces became Arab kingdoms, while
Christian and Jewish enclaves were carved out in Lebanon
and Palestine...
7

CONFLICT
1920-1922 - League of Nations Divides Former Ottoman
Territories into Mandates
 The League of Nations divided the territory [formerly under
Ottoman rule] into new entities, called mandates. The
mandates would be administered like trusts by the British and
French, under supervision of the League, until such time as
the inhabitants were believed by League members to be
ready for independence and self-government...
 The mandate territories were Syria and Lebanon, awarded
to France; Iraq, awarded to Britain; and a new entity
called Palestine, which was also placed under British
control."
8

CONFLICT
1933-1945 - Jewish Persecution and the Holocaust
 "During the first six years of Hitler’s dictatorship, German
Jews felt the effects of more than 400 decrees and regulations
that restricted all aspects of their public and private lives. The
Holocaust took place in the broader context of World War II.
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Over the
next year, Nazi Germany and its allies conquered much of
Europe.
 In a period marked by intense fighting on both the eastern and
western fronts of World War II [1942-1945], Nazi Germany
also intensified its pursuit of the 'Final Solution.' These years
saw systematic deportations of millions of Jews to
increasingly efficient killing centers using poison gas...
9

CONFLICT
1941-1945 - Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husayni
collaborates with the Axis Powers
 "Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husayni (Arab
nationalist and prominent Muslim religious leader)—escaped
to Berlin, where they broadcast appeals to their home
countries in order to foment unrest, sabotage, and insurrection
against the Allies. In exile in Europe from 1941 to 1945, al-
Husayni's status was that of a prominent individual anti-
Jewish Arab and Muslim leader...
 [Haj Amin] al-Husayni sought public recognition from the Axis
powers of his status as leader of a proposed Arab nation. He
also sought public approval from the Axis powers for an
independent Arab state or federation to 'remove' or 'eliminate'
the proposed Jewish homeland in Palestine. 10

CONFLICT
Nov. 29, 1947 - United Nations Partitions Palestine into
Separate Jewish and Palestinian States
 "On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General
Assembly voted 33 to 13 with 10 abstentions to partition
western Palestine into two states -- one for the Jews, which
would consist of the Negev Desert, the coastal plain
between Tel Aviv and Haifa, and parts of the northern
Galilee, and the other for the Palestinian Arabs, which would
consist primarily of the West Bank of the Jordan, the Gaza
District, Jaffa, and the Arab sectors of the Galilee.
Jerusalem, cherished by both Muslims and Jews as a holy
city, was to become an international enclave under U.N.
trusteeship.
11

CONFLICT
Apr. 9, 1948 - Jewish Forces Attack the Palestinian Village of
Deir Yassin
 "Dayr Yasin [sic]...would become the [1948] war's symbol for
the Palestinians. The village was one of several attacked by
Jewish forces in April [1948] in an attempt to clear the
besieged roads leading to Jerusalem. That offensive was
important in itself, since it marked the first time Jewish forces
fought with the strategic goal of permanently ridding an area
of Arab villages in order to insure the viability of their own
settlements...
 The Arab media used Dayr Yasin [sic] as the focus of their
claim that Zionism was innately wicked, and to rally Arabs
behind the impending Arab invasion. Broadcasts and
newspaper stories prompted popular mass demonstrations in
Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo, and Tripoli, including attacks on
the local Jewish communities." 12

CONFLICT
May 14, 1948 - Israel Declares Its Independence
 "At four o'clock in the afternoon on 14 May 1948, in front of
the leaders of the Yishuv [Jewish community in Palestine] in
the Tel Aviv Art Museum, David Ben-Gurion read out the
Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the
establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine to be called
Medinat Israel--the State of Israel.
 The Declaration of Independence pledged that the State of Israel
would be based on the principles of liberty, justice, and peace
as conceived by the Prophets of Israel; would uphold the full
social and political equality of all its citizens, without distinction of
religion, race, or sex; and would loyally uphold the principles of
the U.N. Charter. It specifically promised equal rights to the Arab
inhabitants of the State of Israel and extended the hand of peace
to all the neighboring Arab states."
13

CONFLICT
May 15, 1948 - First Arab-Israeli War Begins
 "The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations
invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately
following the announcement of the independence of the state of
Israel on May 14, 1948.
 On the eve of May 14, the Arabs launched an air attack on Tel
Aviv, which the Israelis resisted. This action was followed by the
invasion of the former Palestinian mandate by Arab armies from
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Egypt. Saudi Arabia sent a
formation that fought under the Egyptian command. British
trained forces from Transjordan eventually intervened in the
conflict, but only in areas that had been designated as part of the
Arab state under the United Nations Partition Plan and the
corpus separatum of Jerusalem. After tense early fighting, Israeli
forces, now under joint command, were able to gain the
offensive."
14

CONFLICT
1948-1949 - 700,000 Palestinians Become Refugees
 "The Palestinian refugee problem originated as a result of the
1948 Arab-Israeli war, when five Arab armies invaded the
State of Israel just hours after it was established. During the
ensuing war, as many as 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled their
homes in the newly created state. Many of the Palestinian
Arabs who fled did so voluntarily to avoid the ongoing war or
at the urging of Arab leaders who promised that all who left
would return after a quick Arab victory over the new Jewish
state. Other Palestinians were forced to flee by individuals or
groups fighting for Israel.
 Of the Palestinians who left, one-third went to the West
Bank (which was under Jordan’s control), one-third went
to the Gaza Strip (under Egypt’s control), and the
remainder to Jordan, Lebanon and Syria
15

CONFLICT
July 1956 - Suez Crisis / Second Arab-Israeli War Erupts
 "In the early 1950s, Egypt violated the terms of the Egyptian-
Israeli armistice agreement and blocked Israeli ships from
passing through the Suez Canal, a major international
waterway. It also began to block traffic through the Straits
of Tiran, a narrow passage of water linking the Israeli port
of Eilat to the Red Sea. This action effectively cut off the
port of Eilat -- Israel's sole outlet to the Red Sea and
Indian Ocean… At the same time, Palestinian Arab fedayeen
launched cross-border infiltrations and attacks on Israeli
civilian centers and military outposts from Egypt, Jordan and
Syria. Arab infiltration and Israeli retaliation became a regular
pattern of Arab-Israeli relations…
16

CONFLICT
June 2, 1964 - Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Formed
 "The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established in
1964 in Jerusalem. It was founded in response to a number of
factors, including the growing salience of the Palestine
question in inter-Arab politics; the increasing friction
between the Arab states and Israel over water diversion
projects and other issues; and the growth of underground,
independent Palestinian nationalist activity, which Arab
governments, notably that of Egypt, wanted to preempt.
 The PLO quickly became the arena for much of this nationalist
activity, which was increasingly directed at achieving
independence of political action from the Arab regimes, in
addition to the basic aim of liberating Palestine and securing the
return of the approximately 700,000 Palestinians who had been
made refugees in 1948...
17

CONFLICT
June 5, 1967 - "Six-Day War" Takes Place
 "In June 1967, Israel launched a preemptive strike against
Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, after Nasser had declared his
intention to annihilate the Jewish state and forged military
alliances with Syria and Jordan for that purpose, building up
troop concentrations along his border with Israel and
blockading shipping to the Israeli port of Eilat. The six-day war
that followed Israel's surprise attack ended with the Israeli
army occupying Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, Syria's Golan
Heights, and Jordan's West Bank."
18

CONFLICT
1967 - 250,000 Palestinians Become "Displaced" after Six-
Day War
 "During the 1967 Six Day War, another estimated 250,000
Palestinians fled the West Bank and Gaza Strip with the
arrival of Israeli forces. Some of these were people who had
left their homes in Israel in 1948. These individuals are
considered by the international community to be displaced
persons, not refugees."
19

CONFLICT
Sep. 1, 1967 - Arab Summit Conference Held in Khartoum
(Sudan) Declares That Israel Will Not Be Recognized
 An Arab summit conference was held in Khartoum, the
Sudanese capital, between 28 August and 2 September
[1967]. It was the first meeting of the Arab leaders since their
defeat in the June War. Israel's leaders watched with keen
anticipation to see what conclusions the Arab leaders would
draw from their military defeat. The conference ended with
the adoption of the famous three no es of Khartoum: no
recognition, no negotiation, and no peace with Israel."
20

CONFLICT
1969 - Yasser Arafat Elected Chairman of the PLO
 "The Palestinian National Council met in 1968 and revised the
Charter, adopting Fatah's commitment to liberate Palestine by
armed struggle alone. A year later, when the Council met
again, [Yasser] Arafat was elected chairman of the PLO, a
position he has held ever since. Over the next year, Arafat
consolidated his power by bringing most of the militant
Palestinian factions under the umbrella of the PLO."
21

CONFLICT
June 6, 1982 - Israel Invades Lebanon, Eventually Driving
the PLO out of Beirut
 "Israel invaded Lebanon in June [6,] 1982. The invasion
culminated in a long siege of the western part of Beirut, mainly
inhabited by Muslims and dominated by the PLO. The siege
ended with an agreement, negotiated through the U.S.
government, by which the PLO would evacuate west Beirut."
22

CONFLICT
Dec. 9, 1987 - First Palestinian Intifada Begins
 "The intifada erupted on 9 December 1987, seventy years to
the day from Allenby's [British Commander of the Egyptian
Expeditionary Force WWI] entry into Jerusalem. Triggered by
an incident in Gaza, the uprising was the product of an
accumulation of Palestinian tensions and grievances...
 In mid-January the intifada broke out in the heart of Arab
Jerusalem itself, as Israeli security forces used tear gas
around the two especially sacred mosques in the Haram
al-Sharif, trying to disperse Palestinian demonstrators.
Accustomed to thinking of Jerusalem and its Arab population
as an integral part of Israel, Israelis were shocked by the
solidarity with the intifada being demonstrated in East
Jerusalem." 23

CONFLICT
Nov. 15, 1988 - Palestine National Council (PNC) Proclaims the
Establishment of a Palestinian State
 "Yasir Arafat, the chairman of the Palestine Liberation
Organization, early today declared the establishment of an
independent Palestinian state as part of a broad political program
that recognizes Israel, at least implicitly, for the first time...
 He did not indicate the borders of such a state, although he said
a 1947 United Nations partition plan, which provided for a Jewish
state and an Arab state in Palestine, still offers a basis for
'international legitimacy.'...
 The state envisioned by Mr. Arafat is assumed to include the
West Bank of the Jordan River and the Gaza Strip, which are
occupied by Israel, and the Arab sector of Jerusalem, which
Israel considers its own. Thus, the announcement was mainly
a political declaration of hope and intent without immediate
practical meaning. 24

CONFLICT
Apr. 1994 - Paris Protocol Is Signed by Israel and the
Palestinian Authority
 "The Paris Protocol is the framework establishing the interim-
period economic relations between Israel and the Palestinian
Authority. The Protocol was signed in April 1994 and is
part of Oslo 1, which was signed a few days later. The model
established in the Protocol is known as a 'customs union,' the
primary characteristic of which is the absence of economic
borders between members of the union. The practical effect of
selecting this model was preservation of the economic
relations that had existed until then..."
25

CONFLICT
May 4, 1994 - Cairo Agreement Is Signed between Israel and
the PLO
 "The 'Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area'
(usually referred to as 'the Cairo agreement') was finally
signed in the Egyptian capital by [Israeli Prime Minister]
Rabin and [PLO leader] Arafat, with American, Soviet, and
Egyptian representatives as witnesses, on May 4, 1994...
 The agreement effectively transferred control over the bulk of
the Gaza Strip and a sixty-five-square-kilometer area
encompassing Jericho and its environs to PA [Palestinian
Authority] control, with Israel remaining in control of the
borders between these now-autonomous areas and the
outside world and of the Jewish settlements in the Strip."
26

CONFLICT
Sep. 28, 1995 - Oslo II Accords Signed between Israel and
the PLO, Giving Palestinians Control over Parts of the
West Bank and Gaza
 "On 28 Sept 1995 the Israeli-Palestinian Interim
Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip was
signed in Washington by Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat
in the presence of Bill Clinton, Hosni Mubarak, and King
Hussein of Jordan.
 It became known popularly as Oslo II...
 Under the terms of this agreement, Israel yielded to the
Palestinians civilian control over nearly a third of the West
Bank. Four percent of the West Bank (including the towns
of Jenin, Nablus, Kalkilya, Tulkarem, Ramallah, Bethlehem,
and Hebron) was turned over to exclusive Palestinian control
and another 25 percent to administrative-civilian control
27

CONFLICT
Jan. 15, 1997 - West Bank City of Hebron Is Divided into
Areas of Israeli and Palestinian Control
 "This agreement, signed on 15 January 1997, divided the city
of Hebron into two parts: H1 and H2. Israel retained full
security control over the Israeli settlement enclaves in
downtown Hebron (H2), over another settlement (Kiryat Arba)
just outside the city, and, in order to facilitate movement by the
settlers and the IDF, over the surrounding area. The
agreement gave the PA security responsibility for the rest of
Hebron (H1), although this responsibility remained closely
monitored by Israeli authorities."
28

CONFLICT
July 11-26, 2000 - Historic Camp David II Summit Fails to
Resolve Conflict
 "On July 5, 2000, President Clinton had announced that
Barak and Arafat would meet at Camp David, starting on
July 11, for the 'make or break' summit. During July 11-26,
Barak and Arafat, with Clinton (assisted by Albright) playing a
crucial mediating role, tackled the major issues dividing Israel
and the Palestinians: The refugees, Jerusalem, the borders
between a future Palestinian state and Israel, the Israeli
settlements, and the problem of water supplies and pollution."
29

CONFLICT
Feb. 6, 2001 - Ariel Sharon Elected Prime Minister of Israel
 "In a special election held February 6, 2001, Ariel Sharon
was elected Prime Minister, decisively defeating Ehud
Barak. He presented his government to the Knesset on March
7, 2001. He pursued an uncompromising line against
Palestinian terror groups and Yasser Arafat, and insisted that
Arafat was an obstacle to peace and personally
responsible for much of the violence of the Intifada."
30

CONFLICT
Aug. 27, 2001 - Israel Assassinates the Leader of the
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 "The leader of the radical Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine has been killed in an Israeli attack. Palestinian
sources say Abu Ali Mustafa died when at least two
missiles struck his office in the West Bank town of
Ramallah, not far from the offices of Palestinian leader
Yasser Arafat. Israeli military forces confirmed that they
had carried out the attack, saying the missiles were fired
by a helicopter gunship. Mustafa is the highest-ranking
Palestinian official to be assassinated by the Israelis since the
start of the 11-month Palestinian uprising."
31

CONFLICT
Mar. 27, 2002 - Hamas Suicide Attack Kills 30 Israeli
Civilians during Passover Seder
 "From September 2000 through the end of February 2002,
nearly 300 Israeli's were murdered by Palestinian terrorists...
 The final catalyst for action occurred on March 27 when a
Palestinian terrorist detonated himself inside a hotel in the
Israeli coastal city of Netanya during a 250-person Passover
seder. Twenty-two civilians were killed instantly in the blast
and another eight died of their wounds over the next few days;
a further 150 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility for
the attack and Palestinian officials lauded the attack in Arabic
media...
32

CONFLICT
July 22, 2002 - Israel Assassinates Military Leader of Hamas
 "Israeli F-16 warplanes bombed the house of the military
commander of Hamas in Gaza City last night, burying him and
at least 11 other Palestinians, including seven children,
beneath the rubble of a four-storey block of flats, and
wounding 120 others.
 Last night's assassination of Sheikh Salah Shehadeh is
the most serious blow to the military wing of Hamas since
the start of the Palestinian uprising nearly two years ago.
Shehadeh was among the founders of Hamas's Izzedine al-
Qassem Brigades, and spent a decade in Israeli jails.
 His killing may also prove to be one of the most lethal acts of
assassination by the Israeli army since it embarked on a
strategy of killing Palestinian militants."
33

CONFLICT
Aug. 1, 2002 - United Nations Report Disputes Claim of
Jenin "Massacre"
 "The United Nations has released its long-awaited report on
Israeli-Palestinian fighting in the Jenin refugee camp last
spring.
 The report rejects Palestinian claims of a massacre, but
blames both sides for endangering civilians.
 The UN report notes up front that investigators were not able
to visit Jenin and did not have the cooperation of Israel. The
Israeli government blocked a fact-finding mission after the UN
refused to meet its conditions."
34

CONFLICT
Mar. 19, 2003 - Arafat Names Mahmoud Abbas Prime
Minister of the Palestinian Authority
 "Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat has officially asked his
moderate deputy, Mahmoud Abbas, to share power with him.
His elevation to Prime Minister comes a day after Parliament
approved the creation of the post. Mahmud Abbas (Abu
Mazen) to be the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority."
35

CONFLICT
Nov. 11, 2004 - Yasser Arafat Dies in Paris
 For the last several years of his [Yasser Arafat] life he was in
failing health and rumored to have Parkinson's Disease. His
conditioned worsened in October 2004. Israel agreed to allow
him to be transferred to a hospital in Paris on October 29
where his wife stayed by his side. He died November 11,
2004, at age 75... After his death, Arafat's body was flown
from Paris to Cairo, where a ceremony was held in his honor
attended by numerous foreign dignitaries. Arafat's remains
were then flown to Ramallah where he was interred in a grave
near his headquarters
36

CONFLICT
Aug. 22, 2005 - Israel Removes the Last Jewish Settlements
in Gaza
 Israeli soldiers removed the last Jewish settlers and protesters
from the Gaza Strip August 22 and have moved on to the final
stages of the withdrawal: clearing out four small settlements in
the West Bank
 Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Likud Party-led government
proceeded with the unilateral withdrawal throughout a week of
emotional protests and mostly nonviolent confrontations
between settlers and soldiers. Israel has controlled the Gaza
Strip and the West Bank since it won the territory during the
1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War
37

CONFLICT
Jan. 26, 2006 - Hamas Wins Palestinian Parliamentary
Election
 The radical Islamic movement Hamas won a large majority in
the new Palestinian parliament, according to official election
results announced Thursday [Jan. 26, 2006], trouncing the
governing Fatah party in a contest that could dramatically
reshape the Palestinians' relations with Israel and the rest of
the world. In Wednesday's voting, Hamas claimed 76 of the
132 parliamentary seats,
38

CONFLICT
July - Aug. 2006 - Israel-Lebanon War
 July 12, 2006
"Hezbollah fires a pair of rockets into northern Israel from
southern Lebanon, and guerrillas capture two Israeli soldiers
during an attack along the Lebanese border between the
Israeli towns of Zar'it and Shtula. Eight Israeli soldiers also die
in fighting that day.
 In response, Israeli ground, air and naval forces attack at least
eight Hezbollah bases and five bridges in southern Lebanon."
39

CONFLICT
Nov. 27, 2007 - Annapolis Peace Conference Takes Place
 President Bush today announced an agreement by Israeli and
Palestinian leaders to work toward a peace pact by the end of
2008. Flanked by the two leaders, Israeli Prime Minister
Ehud Olmert and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,
Mr. Bush congratulated them for agreeing to follow a 'road
map to a permanent two-state solution to the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict..
 The gathering at the United States Naval Academy included
delegations representing 49 countries and international
organizations, and it brought about the highest-level official
contacts between Israel and Saudi Arabia, which do not have
diplomatic relations."
40

CONFLICT
Dec. 27, 2008 - Operation Cast Lead: Israeli Bombardment and
Occupation of Gaza
 [A]fter seven days of aerial bombardment [that started Dec. 27,
2008]... Following an artillery barrage aimed at detonating buried
explosives and mines, Israeli armored columns began moving
into Gaza in an apparent attempt to take control of areas used by
Palestinian militants to fire rockets into southern Israel.
 Israeli officials stressed that the objective was to deal further
punishing blows to Hamas in the hope of deterring further rocket
fire... Although the eight-day air campaign in Gaza has claimed
some 450 Palestinian victims, and continues to inflict damage on
Hamas fighters — as well as, inevitably, nearby civilians — the
attacks have not kept Hamas from launching more missiles.
 At least 15 rockets fired from Gaza struck southern Israel on
Saturday.
41

CONFLICT
Mar. 26, 2009 - Close Israeli Elections Result in Netanyahu
Forming a Coalition Government
 "Benjamin Netanyahu, leader of the right-leaning Likud
party, became Israel's prime minister on March 31, 2009
following unusual parliamentary election results that saw the
centrist Kadima party [led by Tzipi Livni] win the most seats
but not enough to forge a coalition government.
Netanyahu, however, was able to form a coalition of about 70
seats in the 120-member Knesset and, in the process, created
the largest Cabinet in Israel's history when he increased the
number of ministers to 30 in order to satisfy his coalition
partners' competing demands."
42

CONFLICT
June 4, 2009 - Obama Supports Two-State Solution and
Opposes Settlements in Cairo Speech
 In his long-anticipated Cairo address to the Muslim world,
U.S. President Barack Obama reaffirmed Washington's strong
backing for a Palestinian state, using the term 'Palestine'
numerous times to highlight his administration's commitment
to follow through on a two-state solution to the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict.
 While reaffirming Washington's 'unbreakable bond' with Israel,
Obama said that there can be no denying of the right of
'Palestine' to exist, and that he would 'personally pursue' the
realization of a Palestinian state 'with all the patience that the
task requires
43

CONFLICT
Jan. 23, 2011 - Leaked Documents Show Palestinians
Willing to Make Major Concessions to Cut a Peace Deal
 On Jan. 23, 2011, Al Jazeera television began leaking
hundreds of pages of documents belonging to the
Palestinian negotiating team. "For one thing, the
documents show that Palestinian leaders appeared to be
far more willing to cut a peace deal than most Israelis,
and even many Palestinians, believed.
 In contrast with Israelis' portrayal of Palestinian leaders as
rejectionists, the Palestinians come across in the papers as
the side better-prepared, with maps, charts and compromises,
even broaching controversial trade-offs that went beyond what
their own people were probably ready to accept.
44

CONFLICT
May 19, 2011 - President Obama Calls for Negotiations to Begin
for a Palestinian State Based on Israel's Pre-1967 Borders
 In a May 19, 2011 speech at the US State Department,
President Obama "pressed Israel, in unusually frank terms, to
reach a final peace agreement with the Palestinians, citing the
boundaries in place on the eve of the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War
as the starting point for negotiation about borders.
 The formulation goes beyond principles outlined by President
George W. Bush, who stated during his first term that 'it is
unrealistic to expect' Israel to pull back to the 1967 boundaries,
which were based on cease-fire lines established in 1949.
Obama said the negotiations about final borders, which he
indicated may include land swaps to accommodate Israel’s
large settlement blocs, should result in 'a viable Palestine, a
secure Israel.'
45

CONFLICT
Sep. 20, 2011 - Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud
Abbas Seeks Full UN Membership for a Palestinian State

"President Mahmoud Abbas told the U.N. chief on Monday he
would seek full membership for a Palestinian state at the
United Nations, a move the United States and Israel warn
could dash hopes of resuming peace talks.
 Abbas told U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon he would
press ahead with plans to ask for a Security Council vote on
Friday on Palestinian membership. Washington has
threatened to veto any such move. Ban told Abbas he would
send any application submitted to the Security Council and
called for the Israelis and the Palestinians to resume talks
'within a legitimate and balanced framework,' U.N. spokesman
Martin Nesirky said...
46

CONFLICT
Oct. 31, 2011 - Palestine Becomes 195th Full Member of
UNESCO, United States Pulls Annual $70 Million
Contribution
 Palestine became the 195th full member of Unesco on Monday,
as the United Nations organization defied a mandated cutoff of
American funds under federal legislation from the 1990s. The
vote of Unesco's full membership was 107 to 14, with 52
abstentions.
 The step will cost the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization one-quarter of its yearly budget — the 22
percent contributed by the United States (about $70 million) plus
another 3 percent contributed by Israel. Victoria Nuland, a State
Department spokeswoman, said that American contributions to
Unesco, including $60 million scheduled for this month, would
not be paid.
47

CONFLICT
Jan. 25, 2012 - Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks in Jordan End
without Progress
 The Palestinian Authority president has said the exploratory talks
with Israel on resuming full peace negotiations have concluded,
without any progress...
 Palestinian and Israeli negotiators met five times in recent
weeks in the Jordanian capital for what were termed
'exploratory talks.'… The Quartet of Middle East peace
mediators - the US, UN, EU and Russia - said last autumn
that they expected both sides to submit detailed proposals
on borders and security arrangements, in the hope that the
dialogue would encourage the resumption of direct peace
talks…
 Palestinian negotiators insist that building settlements on
occupied land must stop before they agree to reopen talks. Israel
says there can be no preconditions to talks and it continues to
build in the settlements." 48

CONFLICT
July 29, 2013 - Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks Resume in
Washington, DC

"Israeli and Palestinian negotiators will resume peace talks [in
Washington, DC] on Monday night, the State Department said in
a statement on Sunday afternoon. It will be the first time that the
two have held direct talks since 2010. Clearing the last obstacle
to resuming peace talks,
 the Israeli cabinet voted Sunday to approve the release of
104 Palestinian prisoners, an unpopular move with
many Israelis. Secretary of State John Kerry then spoke with
Mahmoud Abbas, the president of the Palestinian Authority,
and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel to formally
invite them to send their negotiating teams to Washington…
49

CONFLICT
Mar. 16, 2015 - Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu Says No to
Two-State Solution on Eve of Election
 Under pressure on the eve of a surprisingly close
election, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel on
Monday doubled down on his appeal to right-wing voters,
declaring definitively that if he was returned to office he
would never establish a Palestinian state...
 The statement reversed Mr. Netanyahu’s endorsement of a
two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in a 2009
speech at Bar Ilan University, and fulfilled many world leaders’
suspicions that he was never really serious about peace
negotiations."
50

CONFLICT
Feb. 6, 2017 - Israel Passes Law Retroactively Legalizing
Almost 4,000 Settler Homes Built on Palestinian Land
 "Israel's parliament has passed a law that retroactively
legalizes almost 4,000 settler homes built unlawfully on
private Palestinian land in the West Bank, a move that critics
say is a massive blow to any future peace deal.
 The Knesset approved the legislation in a 60-52 vote Monday
evening, at a time when Israel has ramped up plans for
settlement expansion in the West Bank...
 Settlements are broadly viewed as an obstacle to peace by
Palestinians and the international community.
The Israeli newspaper Haaretz describes the measure as a
'land-grab bill.' Rights groups have vowed to challenge it at
the country's Supreme Court.
51

CONFLICT
Feb. 15, 2017 - US President Trump Open to One-State
Solution, Change in Decades-Long US Policy of
Advocating Two-State Solution
 President Donald Trump today said that he is keeping his
options open about how best to reach a peaceful solution to
the Israeli-Palestinian situation...
 'I'm looking at a two state and one state, and I like the one that
both parties like. I'm very happy with the one that both parties
like. I could live with either one. I thought for a while the two
state looked like it may be the easier of the two, but honestly if
[Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu] and if the
Palestinians, if Israel and the Palestinians are happy, I'm
happy with the one they like the best,' Trump said while
standing next to Netanyahu." 52

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