lecture for medical students

1. HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Dr.Tarig Mahmoud Ahmed
MD SUDAN
HAIL UNIVERSITY KSA

2. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) are
extremely common; 70–80% of women experience
these symptoms early in their pregnancy and
approximately 35% of all pregnant patients are
absent from work on at least one occasion
through nausea and vomiting.

3. DEFINITION
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe, intractable
form of nausea and vomiting that affects 0.3–2.0%
of pregnancies.

4. AETIOLOGY
The aetiology is unknown and various
mechanisms have been proposed including an
association with high levels of serum human
chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), oestrogen and
thyroxine.

5. RISK FACTORS
 Previous pregnancies with hyperemesis
gravidarum
 obesity
 Multiple gestations
 Trophoblastic disease
 primgravida

6. DIAGNOSIS
Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterised by
severe, protracted nausea and vomiting
associated with weight loss of more than 5% of
prepregnancy weight, dehydration and electrolyte
imbalances in the first trimester of pregnancy and
other causes of nausea and vomiting have been
excluded..

7. Clinicians should be aware of the features in
history, examination and investigation that allow
hyperemesis gravidarum to be assessed and
diagnosed and for their severity to be monitored.

8. History:
 Previous history of hyperemesis gravidarum .
 Quantify severity of nausea, vomiting,
hypersalivation, spitting, loss of weight,
inability to tolerate food and fluids and effect on
quality of life
 History to exclude other causes: – abdominal
pain – urinary symptoms – infection – drug
history – chronic Helicobacter pylori infection

9. Examination:
 Temperature
 Pulse
 Blood pressure
 Oxygen saturations
 Respiratory rate
 Abdominal examination
 Weight
 Signs of dehydration
 Signs of muscle wasting

10. Investigation:
 Urine dipstick: – quantify ketonuria as 1+
ketones or more
 MSU – infection UTI
 Urea and electrolytes
 Full blood count: – infection – anaemia –
haematocrit
 Blood glucose monitoring: – exclude diabetic
ketoacidosis if diabetic
 Ultrasound scan: – confirm viable intrauterine
pregnancy – exclude multiple pregnancy and
trophoblastic disease

11. COMPLICATION
 Imbalances of fluid and electrolytes.
 disturbs nutritional intake and metabolism,
causes physical and psychological debilitation.
 adverse pregnancy outcome, including an
increased risk of preterm birth and low
birthweight babies.
 vitamin deficiencies.
 Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
 Mallory–Weiss tears.

12. MANAGEMENT
 Women with mild NVP should be managed in the
community with antiemetics.
 Inpatient management should be considered if there
is at least one of the following:
1)continued nausea and vomiting and inability to keep
down oral antiemetics.
2) continued nausea and vomiting associated with
ketonuria and/or weight loss (greater than 5% of body
weight), despite oral antiemetics .
3)confirmed or suspected co-morbidity (such as
urinary tract infection and inability to tolerate oral
antibiotics).

13. PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT:
 There are safety and efficacy data for first-line
antiemetics such as antihistamines (H1 receptor
antagonists) and phenothiazines and they
should be prescribed.
 Combinations of different drugs should be used
in women who do not respond to a single
antiemetic
 For women with persistent or severe
hyperemesis gravidarum, the parenteral or rectal
route may be necessary and more effective than
an oral regimen.

14.  Women should be asked about previous
adverse reactions to antiemetic therapies.
Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms and
oculogyric crises can occur with the use of
phenothiazines and metoclopramide. If this
occurs, there should be prompt cessation of
the medications.
 Metoclopramide is safe and effective, but
because of the risk of extrapyramidal effects
it should be used as second-line therapy.

15.  There is evidence that ondansetron is safe and
effective, but because data are limited it should
be used as second-line therapy.
 Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)is not recommended for
NVP and hyperemesis gravidarum.
 Other proposed treatments including the
administration of corticosteroids have not yet
been adequately proven and remain empirical.
Corticosteroids should be reserved for cases
where standard therapies have failed

16.  Thiamine(vitamin B1)supplementation (either
oral or intravenous 100 mg daily for three
days.) should be given to all women admitted
with prolonged vomiting, especially before
administration of dextrose or parenteral
nutrition.
 Women admitted with hyperemesis gravidarum
should be offered thromboprophylaxis with low-
molecular-weight heparin unless there are
specific contraindications such as active
bleeding.

17. FLUID REPLACEMENT (REHYDRATION REGIMEN)
Normal saline with additional potassium chloride
in each bag, with administration guided by daily
monitoring of electrolytes, is the most appropriate
intravenous hydration.
Dextrose infusions are not appropriate unless the
serum sodium levels are normal and thiamine has
been administered as dextrose-containing
solutions can precipitate Wernicke’s
encephalopathy in thiamine-deficient states.

18. SURGERY
In some refractory severe cases of hyperemesis
gravidarum, if maternal survival is threatened, or if
hyperemesis gravidarum is causing severe physical
and psychological burden, termination of the
pregnancy should be considered.

19. Thank you