English ForvEffective Communication

1. Presentation by:
INTAN NURINAHUDA BINTI MOHD YUSOFF
PPISMP SEM 1 PENDIDIKAN MUZIK

2. 4.2 Writing Skills
Writing
conventions

3. Definition of writing
- All about communicating ideas,sentences
are how we package them.
- Writing as both a physical and a mental
act.
- Physical act of delivering words
- The mind’s work of discovering ideas
- thinking about how to communicate them
- developing them into statements and
paragraphs comprehensible to a reader.

4. Definition of conventions
 The term we use nowadays to describe
punctuation,spelling and grammar.
 A custom or tradition
 A standard of presentation or conduct

6. Definition of writing conventions
- A traditional way of behaving or of doing
something
Writing conventions include :
 Spelling
 Punctuation
 Capitalization
 Grammar
 Paragraphing

7.  Spelling should be correct on all words.
 Punctuation should be smooth.
 Capitalization should be used correctly.
 Paragraphing should reinforce
organization.
 We may manipulate conventions for
effect of writing.

8. CONVENTIONS
CHECKLIST
Check our writing for
accuracy!

9. 1. SPELLING
Example:
On our hike,we saw a dear.
Correct spelling: deer
2. PUNCTUATION
Example:
Have you ever seen a deer ?

10. 3. CAPITALIZATION
Example:
the deer ran away.
Correct: The deer ran away.
4. GRAMMAR
Example:
We wanted to took a picture.
Correct: We wanted to take a picture.

11. 5. PARAGRAPHING
Example:
The next day,we hiked to a waterfall.
Correct:
The next day,we hiked to a waterfall.

12. STYLE AND REGISTER
An important feature of writing is its
style and register.

13. STYLE
– Generally refers to the choice in
vocabulary
- The accuracy of vocabulary use in the
written text

14. What not to do What to do
Do not use slang, jargon,
colloquialisms, or sexist
language.
Use formal language
Do not use shortened verb
forms (contractions), such
as they're, isn't, can't.
Use the full verb form
instead, e.g. they are, is
not, cannot
Do not use conversational
opening phrases, such as
Well, you see, Yes…, Let's
move on.
Leave out conversational
phrases. Use appropriate
connectors and introductory
phrases.
Examples:

15. Formal vs. informal
Formal language makes use of complex
sentence structures
Informal
(1) In 2001, the bridge was built. This was
good politically. Two countries united.
Formal
(2) The bridge was completed in 2001, which
resulted in a positive political move that
united two countries.

16. Formal language does not use colloquialisms (language
which is common to spoken English)
Spoken English tends to be more informal,more
personal,less concise and less organised.
Informal
(3) Sweden's Prime Minister, Fredrik Reinfeldt, totally
flipped out when he read the latest report from the press.
Formal
(4) The Prime Minister of Sweden, Fredrik Reinfeldt,
expressed his concern when he viewed the most recent
report from the press.

17. REGISTER
- The type of language ( formal or
informal) that is used in a piece of
writing.[;oxford fajar dictionary 2nd
edition]
- The use of language for a particular
purpose

18. Type of
register
FAMILIAR FORMAL
INFORMAL CEREMONIAL

19. 'Familiar'
This register is normally used between people who know
each other well. Features of this register show a lack of
grammar, spelling, punctuation and usually contains slang
and jargon.
For example:
- Hey,
- Will arrive evening. Did not catch bus.
- Later
- John

20. 'Informal'
- Generally journalism and occasionally academic writing use
this register.
- The tone is conversational, using colloquial language,
compared to the formal register.
For example:
While I was on my way to the Science Lab., a thought struck me
that perhaps all that we think is possible, may not be. For
example, a friend and I were contemplating the prospect of
dumping our classes and hanging out in our favourite café
instead. We found that what we thought was possible, actually
wasn't as our lecturer intervened on our way, ending up that we
attended class anyway. Does this mean that what we originally
thought was possible, can't be, as something will always
intervene? How does this affect prediction and planning?

21. 'Formal'
- A formal register is neither colloquial nor personal .
- The register that is mostly used in academic writing.
- A register where strong opinions can be expressed objectively
- does not break any of the rules of written grammar
- has a set of rules of what not to do when using this register.
For example:
Several stages of development have been distinguished in the first
year of a child's life when it develops the skills necessary to
produce a successful first word. According to Crystal (1997),
primitive vocal sounds are displayed within the first two months
with basic features of speech such as the ability to control air flow
and produce rhythmic utterance. Sounds such as cooing, quieter
sounds with a lower pitch and more musical develop between six
and eight weeks of age. Cooing dies away around three and four
months and then a period called vocal play develops; an
experimental stage, where a baby has more control and
experiments with vocal practise.

22. 'Ceremonial‘
- Modern academic writing rarely uses this register.
- Encountered when reading transcripts of speeches or
historical documents
For example:
I stand on this rostrum with a sense of deep humility and great
pride - humility in the wake of those great architects of our
history who have stood here before me, pride in the reflection
that this home of legislative debate represents human liberty in
the purest form yet devised.
Here are centered the hopes and aspirations and faith of the
entire human race.

23. REFERENCES
o Mariam Mohamad Nor , Abdul Halim Ibrahim . 2009. Writing
for ESL teachers. Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan
Sultan Idris Tanjong Malim.
o Anajee Singh , J.S.Solomon , S.Sarojini . 2011. Write it right.
Selangor:Pelanduk Publicaion (M) Sdn. Bhd
o http://awelu.srv.lu.se/grammar-and-words/register-and-style/
o http://awelu.srv.lu.se/grammar-and-words/register-and-
style/register-types/

24. THE END
THANK YOU