This document discusses open access and scholarly publishing in Japan. It covers three main activities to promote open access: SPARC Japan, which works with academic societies to develop sustainable publishing models; CiNii, which digitizes and disseminates journal articles; and the NII Institutional Repositories Program, which funds the creation of institutional repositories and related projects. The number of institutional repositories in Japan has grown significantly in recent years. Various strategies are employed to increase open access in a way that fits the needs of Japanese researchers and communities.

1. Open access and dissemination
of scholarly information in Japan
National Institute of Informatics
Prof. Hideaki Takeda, Dr.Eng.
National Institute of Informatics, JAPAN
22 October 2010
2010 Open Access Korea Conference

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Issues on Scholarly Publishing in Japan
Promotion of Journals to the world wide
– Local to Global
Shift from analog (paper) to electronic
publishing
– Many small-scale journals (mainly in Japanese)
Promotion of university activities with
publishing
– Evaluation of universities

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Strategy
Various access models to reach open
access
– Not simply “open access”
– Provide various models to fit community’s
demands
• Embargo, site license, …
• E-journal platform, digitization of past articles,
institutional repositories

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Scholarly Publishing in Japan
 International Journals
(English)
 Domestic Journals
(Japanese)
 Misc. publications
– Doctor thesis
(Japanese/English)
– Faculty Bulletins
(Japanese)
– Technical Reports
(Japanese/English)
 (Oversea Journals)
 SPARC Japan
 ELS/CiNii(NII),
J-Stage(JST)
 Institutional
Repositories
Self archiving

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Three activities for the Open Access
SPARC Japan
– Development of business models of journal
publishing.
ELS/CiNii
– Digitization and dissemination of the journals
of academic society.
Institutional Repositories Program
– Support for developing the IRs
– Publish the in-house journals by IRs

6. SPARC Japan:
Background and objectives

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Background of SPARC US
Advanced dissemination of scholarly information driven by
digitization of journals by commercial publishers
Soaring price due to oligopoly and monopoly
Activities to reform scholarly communication
to keep researchers’ outcomes in their hands
SPARC*
※Launched in 1998 by ARL (Association of Research Libraries) in US
SPARC: the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
countermeasures

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Start of the operation
Started in FY2003.
“International Scholarly Communication Initiative”
– Named “SPARC Japan” in 2006 on the basis of MOU
with ARL (Association of Research Libraries)
Objectives
Development of business models
Promotion of international collaboration
Development of advocacy activities

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SPARC Japan Publishing Partners 1/2
Physics Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
Applied Physics Express
Progress of Theoretical Physics
The Physical Society of Japan
The Japan Society of Applied Physics
The Japan Society of Applied Physics
Publication Office, Progress of Theoretical Physics
Electrical and
Electronic
Engineering
IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics,
Communications and Computer Sciences
IEICE Transactions on Communications
IEICE Transactions on Electronics
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems
IEICE Electronics Express
The Institute of Electronics, Information and
Communication Engineers
Journal of Information Processing Information Processing Society of Japan
Chemistry Analytical Sciences The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry
Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering The Society for Biotechnology, Japan
Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan
Polymer Journal The Society of Polymer Science, Japan
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and
Agrochemistry
Biological
Sciences
UniBio Press
-Current Herpetology
-Journal of Mammalian Ova Research
-Mammal Study
-Zoological Science
-Ornithological Science
-Paleontological Research
UniBio Press
-The Herpetological Society of Japan
-The Japanese Society of Mammalian Ova Research
-The Mammalogical Society of Japan
-The Zoological Society of Japan
-The Ornithological Society of Japan
-The Palaeontological Society of Japan
Humanities/
Social Sciences
Monumenta Nipponica Sophia University
45 Journals, Feb 2010

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SPARC Japan Publishing Partners 2/2
Mathematics Project Euclid
-Hiroshima Mathematical Journal
-Journal of Mathematical Society of Japan
-Kodai Mathematical Journal
-Nagoya Mathematical Journal
-Osaka Journal of Mathematics
-Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series A:
Mathematical Sciences
-Tohoku Mathematical Journal
Cornell University Library, Duke University Press
-Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of
Science, Hiroshima University
-The Mathematical Society of Japan
-Department of Mathematics, Tokyo Institute of
Technology
-Graduate School of Mathematics, Nagoya University
-Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of
Science, Osaka University / Department of
Mathematics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka
City University
-The Japan Academy
-Mathematical Institute, Tohoku University
Publications of Research Institute for Mathematical
Sciences
Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto
University
Materials Science Materials Transactions Collaborative publication of 11 materials related
institutes including The Japan Institute of Metals
Medicine The Journal of Physiological Sciences The Physiological Society of Japan
Allergology International Japanese Society of Allergology
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics The Japanese Society for the Study of Xenobiotics
Engineering Journal of Fluid Science and Technology
Journal of Thermal Science and Technology
Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering
Journal of Environment and Engineering
Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering
Journal of System Design and Dynamics
Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems,
and Manufacturing
Journal of Power and Energy Systems
Journal of Computational Science and Technology
Journal of Space Engineering
Journal of Mechanical Systems for Transportation and
Logistics
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers

11. SPARC Japan:
Principal Activities and Outcomes
in the 1st and 2nd phases

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(1) Support for Electronic Journals
 All publishing partners are now publishing electronic
English-language editions of their journals
– Some new electronic-only journals as well (ELEX, JIP,
JSME Journals)
 Support for digitization of back issues
– 37 journals have completed digitization back to their
inaugural editions
– Remaining 8 are part-way through the process
 Support for introduction of online manuscript
submission and peer-review systems
– Self-authored systems, J-STAGE, commercial systems
(Scholar One’s Manuscript Central), etc.
– Already introduced by many publishing partners (32
journals)
(Mostly financial support)

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Support for digitization of back issues
Support for introduction of online manuscript
submission and peer-review systems
J-
STAGE:
3, 9%
Elsevier
Editorial
System:
1, 3%
Manu-
script
Central:
5, 16%
IPEC:
1, 3%
Self-
authored
22, 69%
Yes
32
71%
No
13
29%
70% have introduced online submission and peer-review
systems
・Self-authored systems, commercial systems (Scholar One’s
Manuscript Central), J-STAGE, etc.: Already introduced in many cases
Fully
digitized
back to
inaugural
issue:
82%
Partially
digitized:
18%
80% have completed digitization back to
inaugural editions
・Others are part-completed
・Work on digitization is ongoing
All publishing partners now publish English-language
electronic editions
Publication of English-Language electronic journals

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(2) Support for Business Model Development
 Creation of e-journal packages / Site license
agreements with university libraries consortia
– UniBio Press: Package of 6 biological society journals
– IEICE (The Institute of Electronics, Information and
Communication Engineers): Package of 4 Transactions
journals
– UniBio Press and IEICE have concluded contractual
negotiations with the Japan Association of National
University Libraries (JANUL) and the Public and Private
University Libraries Consortium (PULC)
 Collaboration with BioOne
– Sale in the BioOne.2 collection
– Site licenses at 178 institutions outside Japan (163 in
North America, 15 elsewhere)
(Support for forming communities and sharing experience)

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Journal Name Access Plan
Tohoku Mathematical Journal Euclid Select
Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan Euclid Select
Kodai Mathematical Journal Euclid Prime
Hiroshima Mathematical Journal Open Access
Nagoya Mathematical Journal Open Access
Osaka Journal of Mathematics Open Access
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series A, Mathematical Sciences Open Access
Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences Open Access
(3) Development of International Partnerships
 Collaboration with SPARC (U.S.)
– March 2006: Exchanged MOU
– November 2008, 2010: Co-hosted SPARC Digital
Repository Meeting (Baltimore, U.S.)
 Collaboration with Project Euclid
– 8 mathematical journals published on the mathematical
sciences on the Project Euclid platform

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(4) Advocacy activities
 Seminars for academic society journal editors,
librarians and researchers
– SPARC Japan Seminars (40 times from FY2005 to FY2009)
– International symposia, ALPSP training courses, etc.
 Newsletters
– SPARC Japan Newsletter (Launched in 2009 / Quarterly)
 Research, evaluation, etc.
– Surveys on researcher trends (FY2004 survey of trends in
submission of manuscripts to 3 academic societies; FY2005
survey of attitudes to open access among researchers at
national universities
– Evaluation of project and publishing partners by university
libraries (FY2007-08)
 Domain-wide Collaborative Promotion
 Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics

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Basic Outlook for the 3rd stage
 Realizing improvements in scholarly communication
for all stakeholders, including members of the
researchers, university libraries, and academic
societies.
 Basic policies for the Phase 3
– Deepen collaboration between research libraries and
academic societies to advance open access systems
tailored to Japan’s specific features of scholarly
communication.
– Establishment of societies and libraries as the twin
pillars of open access development.

18. ELS/CiNii
Digitization and dissemination of the
journals of academic society

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NII-ELS+CJP+
NDL journal article index+IR+
J-STAGE/Journal@rchive=
About 12 million
articles
Article DB
Academic society
journals/research bulletins, etc.
About 3.2 million
articles
FullText DB
Digitization
(Electronic library) (Scholarly and academic information navigator)
Academic societies
/universities, etc.
Compilation/publication
Dispatching
Research
infrastructure of
researchers and
students throughout
the world
Outline What is CiNii? (1)
 Article information service that serves as a part of
Japan’s academic information infrastructure
March 2008

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Coverage and simultaneous search of all
information on academic articles in Japan
Journal article
index database
National Diet
Library
J-STAGE
National Institute
of Informatics
NII ELS
Institutional
repositoryUniversities,
etc.
Fulltext link
Overlapping of article
information (“noise”) is
eliminated to the utmost extent.
With integration of data from
multiple institutions, more texts
can be reached.
Japan Science
and Technology
Agency
Fulltext link
Fulltext link
Other
(Japana Centra Revuo
Medicina, etc.)
Related institutions
Dataidentificationandlinking
What is CiNii? (2)
March 2008

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National Institute of Informatics
Number of academic conferences Number of magazines
Completely free 178 462
Fixed-price contract cases 113 401
Metered charge 38 156
March 2008
About 90% of articles can be freely accessed based on
institutional fixed-price contracts.
What is CiNii? (3)
 Free access to approx. half of all articles significantly.

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0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
Apr-…
Jul-05
Oct-…
Jan-…
Apr-…
Jul-06
Oct-…
Jan-…
Apr-…
Jul-07
Oct-…
Jan-…
Apr-…
Jul-08
Oct-…
Jan-…
Apr-…
Jul-09
Oct-…
Jan-…
Apr-…
Jul-10
Number of text DLs
Search frequency
2009/10 (maximum)
Search 656 mill.
2007/04
Collabo with Google
2009/04
System renewal
Increasing usages of CiNii
 More than 2 million download of PDF per month from
2007/04 More than 3 million CiNii articles became
searchable on Google.
 From 2009/04 system performance improved
significantly.

23. NII Institutional Repositories Program
(NII-IRP)

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Funding (1)
 NII-IRP (Institutional Repositories Program)
http://www.nii.ac.jp/irp/en/
− 1st period: FY2005-2007
− 2nd period: FY2008-2009
− 3rd period: FY2010-2012
Three categories of funding
• Area 1: Content creation for new IRs (24 institutions)
• Area 2: Research and development (8 projects)
 Case study to accelerate the deposit of content (e.g. Theses
and Dissertations, Government-funded research publications)
 Development of new added-value services, etc.
• Area 3: next page

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 NII-IRP (Institutional Repositories Program) 3rd period (FY2010-2012)
– Three categories of funding
• Area 3: Support for community activities (5 projects)
 DRF; Community of repository managers (include
international collaboration; participation in COAR)
 SCPJ; Development of the OA policy of academic
societies in Japan (include collaboration with SPARC
Japan)
 ShaRe; Promote the shared repository, etc.
– Development of NII’s system infrastructure
• Provide low-cost system resources by provisioning cloud
computing facilities such as an ASP (Application service
provider) services.
Funding (2)

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 Outline
– Investigate Japanese scholarly societies’ open
access(OA) policies and release results on SCPJ
(Societies Copyright Policies in Japan) database.
– http://scpj.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/
Two Features of SCPJ database
− The only database cover OA policies of almost all
Japanese academic societies (about 1,800)
− No policy is a policy: Regard responses of “under
consideration” or “No response” as one of the policies
SCPJ Database (1)
SAITO Mika, HIRATA Kan, MORI Ichiro, HOSOKAWA Maki, TSUKUI Yuko,
NAKAYAMA Takahiro. "New SCPJ: Let's develop an open access policy
database together!" DRF International Conference 2009, Poster Session, 3-
4 December, 2009, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.

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SCPJ Database (2)
Colo
r
OA policy Num
Gree
n
Author can archive both Pre-prints &
Post-prints
44
Blue Author can archive only Post-prints 252
Yello
w
Author can archive only Pre-prints 4
White Author can not archive 157
Gray Under consideration 1,379
 Color coding of OA policy in SCPJ database
 Two big change in 2010
− The OA policy will be displayed not only by academic societies
but also by journals
− Repository staff who got approval from the officials of the
academic societies will be able to update the policy information

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Growth of Number of IRs (1)
1 6
38
62
72 73 75
0
0
1
4
11 13
16
1
3
11
27
38
52
63
1110
1
7
9
23
30
34
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2 10 57 102 144 168 188
March-05 March-06 March-07 March-08 March-09 March-10 September-10
Others
Private
Public
Ntional

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 Breakdown by kinds of universities and colleges (Sep. 2010)
- Regionally shared repository is very effective for middle and small
institutions which have difficulties in establishing their own repository.
- * include 2 shared repositories
- ** include 8 shared repositories
- *** include 31 shared repositories
- **** include 25 shared repositories
- NII funds the “Shared Repository project (ShaRe)”.
- Leading Institution: Hiroshima University
http://www.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/share/share.html
IRs
Number of universities
and colleges
Percentage
(A) (B) (A/B)
National *75 86 87%
Public **16 95 17%
Private ***63 597 11%
Subtotal 154 778 20%
Others ****34 - -
Total 188 - -
Growth of Number of IRs (2)

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Open DOAR: Directory of Open Access Repositories
http://www.opendoar.org/ （2010/10/01）
 World total：1737
– Japan is the fourth with 83
Actually, Japan is
the 2nd with 188
Growth of Number of IRs (3)

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Growth of content deposited
30
 Number of materials deposited
 NII Institutional Repositories DataBase Contents Analysis
http://irdb.nii.ac.jp/analysis/index_e.php （Last accessed：2010/10/01）
NII Institutional Repositories DataBase Contents Analysis
(2010/09/30 Number of Organizations 161, Number of records: 1,010,311)
24%
5%
43%
6%
1%
2% 0%
2%
4%
0% 0%
1% 0%
12%
Journal article
content types
Number of
records
Ratio of
full text
Journal Article 238,638 46.9%
Thesis or Dissertation 49,011 54.2%
Departmental Bulletin Paper 437,155 88.2%
Conference Paper 58,529 18.5%
Presentation 8,571 30.8%
Book 18,426 46.7%
Technical Report 5,995 85.3%
Research Paper 16,784 86.9%
Article 39,057 82.4%
Preprint 333 90.4%
Learning Material 5,153 35.6%
Data or Dataset 13,586 99.0%
Software 8 25.0%
Others 119,065 92.5%
SUM 1,010,311 71.6%
Departmental Bulletin paper
Thesis or
DissertationConference
Paper
Others
セルフ
アーカイビング
発信

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Portal services of Japanese IRs (1)
 NII harvests almost all Japanese IRs
- JAIRO is a “gyroscope” of
IR content
- Use it to search all
IRs in Japan at once!
- IRDB Content Analysis shows
how content is growing and
gives details about each IR.
- CiNii is the largest database of
academic journal articles in
Japan.
- Metadata on journal articles
and departmental bulletins
goes to CiNii and is linked to the
full texts in the IRs.
OAI-PMH
- junii2 is “Dublin Core” application profile for
institutional repository with a OpenURL
compliant schema.
-It has been adopted by almost all IRs in Japan.
http://www.nii.ac.jp/irp/en/archive/pdf/junii2_en_20090213.pdf
31
junii2

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Portal services of Japanese IRs (2)
 JAIRO : Japanese Institutional Repositories Online
Narrow
search by
content
type
Narrow search
by
organization
To know
the detail of
each IR

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Portal services of Japanese IRs (3)
 IRDB Content Analysis System
33

35. Toward the future

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Academic
SocietyAcademic
SocietyAcademic
Society
ReaD
(JST) Google
ScholarGoogle
Official reports of
Grants-in-aid
For scientific
research
0.61 million reports
KAKEN
Resolving and linking
service for
researchers' names
0.15 million
researchers
Researcher
Name
Resolver
NII-ELS
Refereed and
Un-refereed
articles from
societies or bulletins
3.4 million articles
Electronic journal
repositories for
universities
3.5 million articles
NII-REO
Book Catalogs
108 million +α
records
Comprehensive
metadata harvester
for Japanese IRs
0.5 million articles
JAIRO
indexing service
for academic papers
12 million records
CiNii
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
University
Researcher
Database
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
Institutional
Repository
University
Researcher
Database
University
Researcher
Database
University
Researcher
Database
University
Researcher
Database
University
Researcher
Database
Universities and Institutes
Other
Services
Information on Researchers
Information on Papers
(130 organizations)
(43 organizations)
University
Library
University
Library
University
Library
University
Library
University
Library
University
Library
University
Library
University
Library
University
Library
University
LibraryInformation on Books
J-Stage
(JST) NDL
Other DB
Services
Informatics
Square
Society support
with publishing and
communication in
Informatics area
Powered by
OLCer
Springer
CrossRef
Projects BooksPapers
NACSIS
CAT
Researchers profiles
and SNS
People
ResearchMap WebcatPlus
R&D Center for Scientific Information Resources
Scholarly and Academic Information Division
35
Scholarly information services in NII

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Collaboration SPARC Japan and IRP
FY2008 FY2009 FY2010-2012
SPARC Japan
Started in 2003
IRP:
Institutional
Repositories
program
Started in 2005
2nd period
(2006-2008)
Preparatory
period
2nd period (2008-2009)
Collaboration
3rd period (2010-2012)
3rd period (2010-2012)
 A new community is emerging
− We are jointly planning seminars to learn from each other
− Function enhancement of the “Society Copyright Policies in
Japan: SCPJ” database. (Leader Institution; Tsukuba University)
Even closer
collaboration to
realize OA
business model

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Stance on OA and IR
To permit posting of the post-print (publisher
version)
Embargo of less than or equal to one year
To recommend author pay model for open access
Permission of posting in institutional repositories
highly recommended
（Repository-friendly publishing）

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SPARC Japan partners’ policy 1/2
Subject Journal Title Access IR Reference
Physics Journal of the Physical Society of Japan A On condition
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics ？
Applied Physics Express ？
Progress of Theoretical Physics A
Electrical and
Electronic
Engineering
IEICE Transactions P 4 journals: half a year
embargo
IEICE Electronics Express ● P Half a year
embargo
Journal of Information Processing ● P
Chemistry Analytical Sciences ● P
Journal of Biosciences and Bioengineering A
Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan A
Polymer Journal A
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry ● P
Biological
Sciences
Mammal Study ● P One year embargo
Journal of Mammalian Ova Research ● P One year embargo
Zoological Science ● P One year embargo
Ornithological Science ● P One year embargo
●: Fee Access ●: back issue Open Access
P: Publisher version A: Author version ×: Not permitted ?: Under consideration

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SPARC Japan Partners’ Policy 2/2
Subject Journal Title Access IR Reference
Biological
Sciences
Paleontological Research ● P One year embargo
Current Herpetology ● P
Mathematics Tohoku Mathematical Journal ● A
Kodai Mathematical Journal ● P 5 year embargo
Nagoya Mathematical Journal ● ？
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series A ● P
Osaka Journal of Mathematics ● P
Publications of RIMS ● ？
Hiroshima Mathematical Journal ● A
Journal of Mathematical Society of Japan ● P/A
Humanities/
Social Sciences
Monumenta Nipponica ?
Materials
Science
Materials Transactions P
Medicine The Journal of Physiological Sciences ● A
Allergology International ● ×
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics ● ×
Engineering JSME Journals ● P 11 journals
●: Open Access ●: back issue Open Access
P: Publisher version A: Author version ×: Not permitted ?: Under consideration

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 Outline
– Consolidation of two Japanese e-journals consortia with
the cooperation of NII (13 October 2010)
– For creating a new organization for strengthening the
existing consortia for electronic journals
– In order to acquire and provide electronic journals
required for research activities in Japan in a stable
manner
Members
– JANUL(Japan Association of
National University Libraries)
– PULC(Private and Public
University Libraries Consortium)
– NII → approx. 500 members
Latest News!
Launch of a new Consortium of Libraries

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 Comprehensive agreement
1. Building a framework for acquiring electronic journals
including back files and ensuring permanent access
to them
2. Establishing a system for disseminating knowledge
created in universities through institutional
repositories
3. Expanding the Union Catalog Database including
digital information resources
4. Developing human resources concerning acquisition
and dissemination of scholarly information
5. Promoting international cooperation regarding
acquisition and dissemination of scholarly information
6. Other efforts for achieving the objectives
Latest News!
Launch of a new Consortium of Libraries

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Regenerate the “Circle of Gift”
- Submit
- Peer review
- Edit
- Publish
- Delivery
- Added-value service
- Collect
-
Organize
- Stock
- Preserve
- Provide
- Support for
OA activities
Community of academia
＋
Support by
research libraries
Research
libraries
Researchers
as authors
and readers
Academic
societies
Publishers

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Contact
sparc@nii.ac.jp
http://www.nii.ac.jp/sparc/en/