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Anomalies
1.
2. HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
0 Absence of brain tissue in the midline
0 Fusion of lateral ventricles to form a single chamber
0 Eye field area fails to separate
4. Defects in ossification of skull
bones
0 Most common is that of sq.part of occipital bone
0 If opening is small, only the herniation of meninges
takes place(Meningocele)
0 If large , cranial tissue may also be
involved(Meningoencephalocele)
0 If ventricles also
involved(Meningohydroencephalocele)
5. Exencephaly
0 Failure of closure of neural folds in cephalic region
0 Vault of skull is absent
0 Nervous tissue is exposed, degenerates and becomes
necrotic---anencephaly
0 Swallowing reflex absent— Hydramnios present
7. Hydrocephalus
0 Abn.accumulation of CSF in ventricles
0 Most common cause is the obstruction in aqueduct of
Sylvius
0 Pressure on brain and skull bones---
opening/widening of skull---large sized skull
0 Sometimes thinning of brain tissue and bones also
occurs