2. There are two types of lenses, zoom and
prime; zoom lenses have a variable focal
length, whilst prime lenses are fixed. The
focal length refers to the distance
between the centre of the lens and the
image sensor, the larger the distance in
mm the larger the zoom. Wide angle
lenses are 10mm-42mm, this lens is for a
wider view of the scene. Standard lenses
are 43mm-80mm, this lens is fro general
snaps and subjects. Telephoto lenses are
85mm-200mm, these are for portraits,
products and subjects at a distance. The
long telephoto lenses is 200mm and
above and is used for wildlife
photography and sports journalism.
Camera Processes
Focal Length
35mm
18mm
55mm
3. Aperture is a hole in the lenses, similar to
the iris, it controls depth of field and
exposure; when the hole is big there is more
exposure and when its small there is less.
Aperture has its own setting on the mode
dial but manual mode can also use aperture.
Aperture is measured in F stops/ F-numbers
(shown as F/16), higher F-numbers means a
smaller hole and a smaller aperture where as
lower F-numbers means a bigger hole and a
larger aperture. The main purpose of
aperture is to control depth of field. In
landscape smaller aperture is used to get all
the foreground, middle ground and
background; opposite being portraits where
the background is blurred so that there is no
distractions this is done with a larger
aperture.
Camera Processes
Aperture
F/4
F/8
F/29
4. The length of time the cameras shutter is open for;
shutter speed dictates the length of time the shutter
is open for. The TV mode lets you change the shutter
speed while controlling the other settings for you.
1/1000 s is for fast images where as 1/15 s is much
slower to take the photo. Exposure to the image
expends to shutter speed, as the longer the shutter is
open the more chance for light to be captured. Slower
shutter speeds catch movements into the photo
graph. Astrophotography would also be taken with a
long shutter speed, this is because in darker locations
when taking photos you need to have enough time to
get light into the camera. Fast shutter speeds capture
and freeze the movement in photographs, this is
because there is not time for movement from the
subject. Faster shutter speeds need to have a lot of
light to get the image in light as there is not a lot of
time for the light to be captured by the camera.
Camera Processes
Shutter Speed
1/1000
1/50
1/5
5. White balance is a setting on the camera that helps the camera to understand what
white is; auto-white balance works in most situations but an be changed if the
photographer wants to adjust the colour in photos. You can make images warmer by
setting the camera to add yellow tints to it. Sometimes colours aren't picked up
correctly and the white balance can mean a manual correction of this before the
image is taken. You may also purposely add the wrong white balance to give photos a
selected look.
Camera Processes
White balance
White Fluorescent LightTungsten Light
ShadeDay Light
10. Having the wrong White balance on a camera can
cause a colour cast, and contrasting colours going
on can cause this as the colours will clash, for
example having two lights that clash in colour.
Ways to prevent this is to manually set your own
balance setting or make sure it is something
appropriate such as auto white balance, this will
make sure the colour white is rendered as white
and not crĂšme etc.. Another way is to shoot in
RAW as this will allow you to change the white
balance of the photograph in post production,
however there will be an increase in file size.
Image Processing and Techniques
Colour Cast
11. Picture damage can occur if the camera has a dirty
or dusty sensor, or lens; other issues with the lens
could be damage or cracks. Furthermore physical
prints can go through wear and tear, through
mishandling. The image can be fixed using many
tools, the three primary tools are clone stamp (S),
spot healing brush (J) and content aware in
Photoshop. Spot healing brush is a simple tool that
allows you to click/brush on the area that has been
affected and is great for blemishes and other small
objects like dust or scratches. The clone stamp tool
works through the user selecting an area to sample
from, this can be done by holding âAltâ and clicking,
this produces an exact copy of the area sampled.
Content Aware has photoshop use a similar
algorithm as the spot healing brush, but you are
able to make your own selection using the
marquee or lasso tools. To use content aware,
simply right click on a selected area and choose the
âFillâ option.
Image Processing and Techniques
Picture Damage
12. Panoramas have become increasingly popular within contemporary art and
smartphone's have the ability to capture panoramas with ease, however I took mine
with a college camera. The panoramas were created by taking a series of pictures of a
set landscape, for each one, and each picture had to contain a part of the previous
picture so that they can then be strewn together in order to create a full image of the
location etc. that you wanted to take a picture of. This is very useful for taking pictures
of large landscapes that do not fit into one picture as it allows for these areas to be
given a full image by meshing together many smaller ones.
Image Processing and Techniques
Panoramas
13. Panoplanet are made using a 360o
angle panorama, made the same
way as any panorama by simply
Photomerge the images together
however you then turn them into a
more planet shape, as all your
images cascade around the centre
sphere.
Image Processing and Techniques
Panoplanet
14. This involves take lots of close
up images of a scene and then
arranging them so that the
bigger picture can be seen.
There are several ways of
doing it. Photoshop allows you
to create a photomontage as
an automatic process. I
created my joiner by taking
many pictures of the different
sections of the same tree. I
then took them into
Photoshop and arranged them
in a way that gave the
impression that there is just
one image.
Image Processing and Techniques
Hockney Joiner
15. Photomontage can be used to make subtle
changes to an image that are either dramatic or
subtle. This Photomontage was made by
replacing the original imageâs sky with a more
aesthetically pleasing one; later I used images
off google to add more interest to the image. I
undertook some basic sky replacement by first
used the quick selection tool (W) to quickly
select pre-existing sky; then used ârefine edgeâ
(select > refine edge) tool to make an accurate
selection around the tree. Then Inverted (CMD +
Shift + I) the selection and deleted the
unnecessary elements of the sky asset. Later I
imported my own assets and used quick
selection tool in order to cut out the main
section of assets from their original images.
Image Processing and Techniques
Photomontage
18. Colourising is the process of taking a black and white image and adding colour. This
may be done in the form of a commission or to digitally restore old images. The way I
did all three of my images is by creating a separate layer and setting it to the colour
setting, allowing me to paint directly onto the image without obscuring any pivotal
details on the image.
Image Processing and Techniques
Colourising
19. Although the composition of to whole image
presents a busy atmospheric feeling the location
itself is more passive with only the acceptation
of the different tones of lighting. In the image
there is a mild version of diagonal lines, this is
following the direction of the river, which in itself
makes the movement obvious and presents an
idea of the settings movements. The image
presents texture that makes the image more
realistic despite the disconnecting atmosphere
that comes from it being a Hockney joiner. The
apparent randomness of the image placing gives
the texture a natural feeling; the use of the river
being darker makes it a contrast to the lighter
sections, this division also shows between the
two as there becomes and apparent separation
with the darker section holding more movement
than the lighter.
David Hockney
Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Sept. 1982
This joiner uses ambient light as
presented in the different tones of lighting
in each section, taken at different point in
time at the same location which reflects
the subject; with the subject being a
landscape the image presents itself as
naturalistic, with clear open spacing.
20. This image uses the rule of thirds, this is shown
through the shadow which goes through two points
of interception top right and bottom right; The
composition also makes the foreground, middle
ground and background clearly defined by same rule.
As the image is take outside there is a clear use of
ambient light in which the shadow is created; since
the focus is set on the shadow of the figure, this gives
the ambient light more importance in use as it gives
the distinct appearance of the shadow which would
have required a good vantage point to get the length
and distinction it does. The black and white provides
a distinct contrast, to the naturalistic appearance as it
devoid the image of natural colour and only amplifies
the feeling of passiveness that the image provides in
the middle and foreground; with the background
being busy.
David Hockney
Prehistoric Museum Near Palm Springs, 1982
21. In this Hockney Joiner the main subject of the
image is central going up, with leading lines going
form the bottom of the Image to the top, there is
also a driven focus drawn to top section of the
image because this. The subject and image is
actually very passive for a subject, however the
image itself is busy as there is many different
shades and the composition is choppy in being
put together with clear mistakes as the alignment.
The image is a clear use of ambient lighting, with
different lighting in many different places and
there is a multitude of weather changes visible in
the sky
David Hockney
Telephone Pole, 1982
22. This is the most well known technique, dividing the screen into 3rdâsand divide the
screen into 9 boxes. Where intercepting points occur that is where the focus/subject
should be in the image. Also used in landscape photography to create foreground,
background and middle ground to separate the image into sections.
Reading Photographs
Rule of Thirds
23. Leading lines are lines that are naturally there and are used to guide the image. These
are contrasting lines that guide you to an image, and can be manmade or natural. The
lines are subconscious and can lead to the background of the image, sometimes
however there are leading lines that take you to the subject of an image.
Reading Photographs
Leading Lines
24. Though similar to leading lines, diagonal lines create a sense of movement or tension.
The idea of diagonal lines is to make a feeling in the viewer that there isnât something
right about the image.
Reading Photographs
Diagonal Lines
25. Framing is a term that
can be used literally in
photography, using pre-
existing frames to create
pockets of interest. The
use of windows and
doors is common to
remove the chaos from
the image and gives only
the viewer the chance to
see the subject and
nothing much more.
Reading Photographs
Framing
26. Filling the frame is all about getting closer to your subjects and the idea of filling the
frame is to get closer images of the subject to make them more interactive in the
image.
Reading Photographs
Filling the Frame
27. Repetition is about patterns, it uses the same repetition of subjects and creates a
repeating element that is a collective interest/ subject. There are times when you can
break the repeating pattern and create contrast that makes a new subject stand out
instead.
Reading Photographs
Repetition
28. Symmetry doesnât have to be dead centre or a complete symmetrical pattern, it can be
a similarity to each side; symmetry it is used a lot in architecture and abstract
photography.
Reading Photographs
Symmetry
31. Planning
Proposal
What camera techniques will you use?
For the majority all my settings on the camera wont be changed the exception being that I'll
have my camera on the TV mode which will automate the rest of the settings and let me
increase the shutter speed. This will let me take more photos in less time and as I am doing
Hockney joiners which require a lot of photos this will be ideal to get the most of the
movements and the final image. To combat the issues that come with a higher shutter speed I
will need to adjust the ISO to compensate for the lack of light getting taken into the sensor.
Who are your influences for this project?
For the main part my ideas are inspired by David Hockney'sâ cubism styled Hockney joiners, as
they mix an art style with photography and make an interesting whole image; the whole
image displays the subjects/ surroundings movements and this creates a contrasting image
with life in it. Brno Del Zou is another artist who's work inspires me, however in a different
way. Zou's work is a copulation of images that when placed together create a singe image, this
shows an abundance of creative thinking into less of a realistic image and more into a
contrasting joiner that gives 3D elements to the images.
32. Planning
Proposal
Who would be your ideal target audience?
My work is likely to appeal and there for be ideal for the target audience of teens and
bloggers in their late teens early 20's. A mixed and un-specific gender will be most likely to be
my audience.
Will any post-production occur?
A lot of post production work will occur in my work. For starters my images I have will be
automated to produce the basic Hockney Joiners; after that I will need to move any sections
to there proper place, if they originally didnât automatically place. I then selected certain
images of the joiner to manipulate: the main tools I'll use are the 'Stamp tool' and 'Spot
healing', these are to remove slight blemish that I affect the quality of my work. I may possible
do some basic adjustments on my images such as: hue and saturation, levels etc. I will also do
less basic adjustment such as filters. The final adjustment will be used on all of them and that
is crop, with this meaning the image will be neat on the edges and give me chance to do some
tidying up of the composition.
33. Planning
Proposal
What will your subjects be for this project?
My subjects will be a mixture between people and places will be my subject matter with a at
least 2 being only being people and at least 2 only being places with the others being a mix or
any subject that inspires me; this includes the river view at St Martins and the shambles
street.
Will you use feedback to aid your project?
I believe it would be wise to use feed back to aid in the furthering of my development as it
will give me a better understanding of what the target audience would like in the images. The
advantage of this is that you will definitely have a better understanding of what people want
and hen can adjust so that you please people. The disadvantages of following feedback is that
you change your style to supplement what others want, which leads to there being no
individuality from other photographers of the same style.
34. Planning
Risk Assessment
Hazards Person or equipment at risk Control measure taken
Broken equipment Camera, SD card, Camera Battery
Use safety strap on camera and
donât take battery or SD card out
unless changing.
Dangerous members of the
public
Myself, Any other members of my
group
Avoid interacting to much with
people, who are unknown.
Vehicle can be a death-trap on
the road, both to pedestrians
and other car
Camera, Myself
Use common sense on the road
and when interacting with cars.
Hazardous terrain Myself, Camera
Have your wits about you, while
also following the hazard guide
for broken equipment.
British weather Camera
Prepare for the worst, such as
bringing an umbrella, and hope
that it isn't needed.
35. Planning
Contingency Plan
What Could Happen? Contingency Plan
Forecast is for rain, therefore the conditions
are unsuitable for the shoot
I will ensure I book a camera so I can produce images on an alternative
day.
Memory card is full or lost
Ensure I have a backup card so I can continue shooting, and start the
shoot by formatting the card.
The battery life is running out
To avoid this issue I will make sure my battery is fully charged before
taking it out. I may also carry a spare battery.
Locations are private and means I cant
photograph
Check before hand that the locations are okay to shoot in and if not
then seek permission to shoot there.
Over crowded areas of locations
Leave for the time being and come back later, or have another location
that can be used instead.
Technical camera issues
Make sure to check the camera for any issues before taking it out and
if any issues occur fix them.
36. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Manual
labour, carrying camera, tripod, lights etc)
Makes sure that employers follow during to
make sure the worker is safe, while also
providing a list of responsibilities for the
worker to follow. This means that the worker
is also responsible for there after at work;
guidelines for employees are: take care of
own health and safety, do your best to take
care of others health and safety and to work
with the employer to make the most safe
environment(such as attend training
courses). Employers have the responsibility
to provide an entrance/ exit that is safe,
ensure the equipment is safe, dust, fumes
and noise is controlled, protective clothing/
equipment is provided and first aid is easily
accessed and any required first aid is
recorded.
Health and Safety
Health and Safety Acts
Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment)
Regulations 1992
This Act can help as it gives guide lines for both
the photographer and the location as to the
conditions that each person should follow to
ensure the safety of the users. It advises people
on the potential side effect that can happen when
using screens in a certain way: such as pain and
discomfort in limbs from "sitting in fixed positions
for long periods", or the effects on eyesight
caused by "poor legibility" or even "a drifting,
flickering or jittering images on screen". The Act
also has sections on the guide to a healthier
working area, with instructions on the best way to
set up; screens, keyboards, work surfaces, work
chairs and leg room. Also the guidelines cover the
settings for the room including the lighting ,
sounds and heat of/ in a room. Software
capability is also covered in the Act
37. Planning
Shooting Schedule
Which dates do you plan to shoot?
22nd May 2017, will be the date of the landscape shoot, and then the following day will be the
people shoots in witch I will capture peoples images, with out there being much landscape.
What equipment will be required?
I will require a DSLR camera, for obvious reasons this will bet the main equipment I use; other
than the camera I will not be using any other pieces of equipment as I will be free hand
shooting.
Will you require a model?
Models wouldnât be needed to pose as on the day of shooting any people I will shoot are by
coincidence, which will give better ideas on movement
48. This image I used the automate to make and then
adjusted some of the colour in sections so that there
was some variation on sections close together, I finished
off the whole image by cropping around the edges to
get a cleaner finish. There is a slight line of movement,
as the curve of the building becomes obvious when
pointed out but not without being shown so.
By The Minster
Edit Process
51. I only really adjusted the layers order, this was to get rid of people who were cut up
between images and didnât fit without looking out of place. I also adjusted the levels
of some of the darker segments so that it became lighter. Cropping the image was last
and gave a nicer finish. The image keeps to the left and central section of the image
which lets the viewer see more than just a building.
Edge of The Center
Edit Process
55. The majority of the layers are the same as when taken, however some had curve, level
or colour correction to adjust the image into looking brighter. Some sections were
adjusted with the intent of making them more interesting, such as a filter over a
section to create interest. The compositing of the curve means that the division of
near to far is defined both horizontally and vertically.
The Riverâs Ledge, View
Edit Process
60. With some layers I added in there wasn't a necessary for them to be at full opacity, so I
filtered them and lowered there opacity to add interest. I blurred and covered the
licence plate that was visible using the clone tool and a blur filter. Composition wise
the lines of direction show the curvature of the subject.
The Tea Room
Edit Process
64. With this set the majority of the editing came from layer organisation and removing a
person from the central sections as they didnât fit will in the aesthetic as movement
was registered on and they were incomplete. I cropped the image so the mid point of
the joiner was central
House From The Past
Edit Process
68. The main aspects of post production on this image set was the adjust meant of light,
this meant that sections were lightened to make the details more visible and therefor
there was no need for much more; then it was cropped so the subject was centred.
Girl On Her Own
Edit Process
73. After the adjustment of individual issues such as colour and levels correction and the
layers order, I then I faced the issue of the bad lighting form the hall way I took the set
in, this was resolved by merging the image and then brightening the image slightly.
Finally I cropped it to have the subject on the far right side of the image.
Guy In The Halls
Edit Process
76. I off set images so they dint line up perfectly
to show movement, then I filtered sections
and changed opacity of some of the filtered
images for added effect and then I adjusted
layers so that people were removed from
background. Finally cropping the image to
make I neat. The image is divided with
foreground, middle ground and background
with the majority of the imageâs subject in the
middle ground.
Friends In The Street
Edit Process
