1. Time and maps
• Why interested in time?
Time and maps
• What is time and
Menno-Jan Kraak
• How is time perceived?
• How is time represented?
• Use case: movement data
Why interested in time?
GIScience perspective:
• Better understanding of human influence on the environment at all
scales (local and global change)
Context: GIScience perspective:
• For many (global) challenges reference to location - and time - is
the glue that connects disparate, often incomplete data sources of
continually changing information about time-critical, evolving real
world situations
- analysis of changes over time
source:
new york times
- analysis of patterns of change over time
• Development of methods / techniques / tools to be able to support
problem solving
- geospatial data handling
- visualization
Earthquake & Tsunami
Chili 27 Feb 2010
source:
New York Times
What is time?
• Everyone knows what it is, and few can define it
•
if no one asks me, i know -
•
What is time?
what, then, is time? -
•
if i wish to explain it to one that asketh, i know not
[st. augustine 400]
•
Time is about change
2. 128 entries
found in The New Oxford Dictionary of English
• time noun
Past, present, future
• How, then, can these two kinds of time, the past and the future be, when
the past no longer is and the future as yet does not be?
[Saint Augustine, 400]
• [mass noun] the indefinite continued progress of existence and events
in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
• a point of time as measured in hours and minutes past midnight or
noon
• [mass noun] time as allotted, available, or used
• an instance of something happening or being done; an occasion
[Scientific American - A matter of Time, 2006]
• ......
• Time as static (the now) versus time as dynamic (as flow)
Schools of thought
Perception of time
(this lecture)
• absolute time
Influenced by Newton they see time and space as a kind of container in
which objects exist and move, guided by the laws of physics. Space
and time function as a kind of reference frame. In other words, time is
independent of any physical object, but it describes the ‘location’ of
objects and events during their existence
45 minutes
• relative time
Influenced by Aristotle, who said that time is measure of change, which
in turn implies that time does not exist when there is no change. Leibniz
and Kant were followers of this viewpoint. Space and time describe
relations among objects
9 0
Perception and structure of time
Sense of time
• Time has an inherent semantic structure, which is one source of
increased complexity.
m i n u t e s
• Timetables and rhythms
• By convention, time has a hierarchical system of granularities
- seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks... (but different calender
systems)
• Time contains natural cycles and re-occurrences.
- regular and relatively predictable: seasons,
- less regular: social cycles like holidays or school breaks or economic
cycles, hurricane season
inter-relation between time and space such as seasons, tides, body,
(island-boat)
• Social discipline
monastery, factory, office, home
• Instruments and devices
sun dial, vcr, satellite broadcast
• Texts
(from May, J. and N. Thrift, 2001. Timespace : geographies of
temporality. Routledge, London)
4. Calendars
Types of time I
Structure of the temporal dimension (multiple
perspectives)
Types of time II
• Time with multiple perspectives allows more than one point of view at
observed facts (people’s observations about hazard events)
D>A>C>B
A > B > C> DD
Different types of times
Types of time?
• Valid time
linear
ordinal
multiple
experience
brancing time time with
multiple
prespectives
continious
cyclic
continious time
ordinal
cyclic time
continious
[Frank, A. U., 1998]
• World time
• Body time
• Database time
• Social time
• Life time
• Sense of time
• Web time
• Excavation time
single
experience
tekst
multiple
perspective
• Biological time
• Historical time
branching
• Transaction time
• Display time
partial order
• Mechanical time
• Observation time
total order
• .......
5. Different types of time
Different types of time
Observe / measure time / change
Spatio-temporal data and questions
• Change can happen suddenly or gradually
• Change of some sort is always happening
• Change can be observed after the fact
• Change can go unrecorded
Temporal questions
• When was the last forest fire in the neighborhood?
• Which areas were affected by mudflows in the week after the storm?
• In which neighbourhoods did the unemployment rise after closing the
factories?
Temporal questions
6. Issues of representation
spatio-temporal data
• State (static)
What was / is / will be the spatial distribution of a given phenomena at a
given time?
• Change (dynamic)
Which elements changed / are changing / will change during a given
time span?
Working environment for visual exploration
Location space
MAP
Working environment for visual exploration
Attribute space
DIAGRAM
TIME GRAPH
Time space
Evaluation: time graph in its environment
What to do?
When and where?
When and what?
DATA
• When
• Time line
- Instant and interval
• How long
• Time wheel
- Absolute and relative
• How often
• Diagrams
- Continuous and
discrete
!
USER
- Linear and cyclic
When?
• What order
• Maps
• .....
• .....
- .....
!!
TASK
VISUALIZATION
7. How to map events
Information retrieval
Map Appearance
location
attribute
time
plane
graphical
variables
graphical
variables
plane
graphical
variables
spatial
deduction
plane
graphical
variables
memory
deduction
single map
I
How is time represented?
small multiple (series of maps)
II
animation
III
memory deduction
Single map
Series of maps
Animation
Interactive animation
8. Dynamic linked views
Map reading and time
Animation
Historical geography
! study through time of human relationships to physical
environment and human organization of an area
! time as a line / dating an event: moments
when did the conference take place?
! duration: how long and event takes place
how long does it take for an event to occur in how much space?
(sample: epidemic)
Historical situations
Reconstructing history
9. Mapping uncertainty
Compiling change
Cultural geography
Experiencing time
! impact of human culture on natural environment and how space is
organized
45 minutes
90 minutes
! internal processes: perceiving time
! external processes: structured time
time table
time zone
Time zones
Where is my package?
dhl from schiphol to….
morning, afternoon, evening
10. Time travel
Time geography
! time as measurement of human activity
what did people do and how long did it take?
! time as a measure of distance
isochrones (lines of equal temporal distance)
chrono-geographic representation (space time cube)
Travelling from enschede (cartogram)
Distance time relief in france
France and the tgv in 2015
Space-time-cube
[L’Hostis]
11. London travel time
Tornado’s in the US
Traffic intensity
Crime over time
http://projects.nytimes.com/crime/homicides/map?hp
Map background
12. What, where and when
Troia – valley of scamander coastline changes
trough time
Troia – prehistoric period
Troia
Spatial Analysis & Cartography Laboratory (ErGAX)
FOUNDATION OF THE HELLENIC WORLD
Troia – homeric period
Troia – roman period
Troia
Troia
Spatial Analysis & Cartography Laboratory (ErGAX)
FOUNDATION OF THE HELLENIC WORLD
Spatial Analysis & Cartography Laboratory (ErGAX)
FOUNDATION OF THE HELLENIC WORLD
Troia – present day situation
Troia
Movement data
Spatial Analysis & Cartography Laboratory (ErGAX)
FOUNDATION OF THE HELLENIC WORLD
13. GIScientist and the domain specialist
Planning in Tallinn, Estonia
Problem domain
User
(See Figure5)
Urban
Geographer
Problems
Get insight in urban
space consumption by suburban dwellers
Questions
Examples of temporal questions:
- Is there a difference in distribution of activities between
weekdays and weekends
- Are there differences during the day
User tasks
Visualization environment
Data
Visualization
solutions
Visualization
strategies
The network or the objects
Aspects of the networks
what?
when?
where?
Network characteristics
Challenges
Density
• nodes & segments
Geographical counts
(Ahas et al., 2010)
Temporal rhythm
Individual overview
Counts by land-use
Software HiDE (http://gicentre.org/hide/)
ST overview
qualitative
quantitative
multivariate
(Ahas et al., 2010)
Software HiDE (http://gicentre.org/hide/)
Courtesy of Irma Kveladze
15. Explore
Time?
• There is no time
• Time is relative
• Time is absolute
• Its all in your head
• What is time?
[Irena Vasiliev, (Cartographica vol 34 no 2 1997]
d)
![Time and maps
• Why interested in time?
Time and maps
• What is time and
Menno-Jan Kraak
• How is time perceived?
• How is time represented?
• Use case: movement data
Why interested in time?
GIScience perspective:
• Better understanding of human influence on the environment at all
scales (local and global change)
Context: GIScience perspective:
• For many (global) challenges reference to location - and time - is
the glue that connects disparate, often incomplete data sources of
continually changing information about time-critical, evolving real
world situations
- analysis of changes over time
source:
new york times
- analysis of patterns of change over time
• Development of methods / techniques / tools to be able to support
problem solving
- geospatial data handling
- visualization
Earthquake & Tsunami
Chili 27 Feb 2010
source:
New York Times
What is time?
• Everyone knows what it is, and few can define it
•
if no one asks me, i know -
•
What is time?
what, then, is time? -
•
if i wish to explain it to one that asketh, i know not
[st. augustine 400]
•
Time is about change](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2013-olomouc-undergraduate-mapstime-131022100114-phpapp01/85/OGiC-Menno-Jan-Kraak-Maps-and-time-1-320.jpg)
![128 entries
found in The New Oxford Dictionary of English
• time noun
Past, present, future
• How, then, can these two kinds of time, the past and the future be, when
the past no longer is and the future as yet does not be?
[Saint Augustine, 400]
• [mass noun] the indefinite continued progress of existence and events
in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
• a point of time as measured in hours and minutes past midnight or
noon
• [mass noun] time as allotted, available, or used
• an instance of something happening or being done; an occasion
[Scientific American - A matter of Time, 2006]
• ......
• Time as static (the now) versus time as dynamic (as flow)
Schools of thought
Perception of time
(this lecture)
• absolute time
Influenced by Newton they see time and space as a kind of container in
which objects exist and move, guided by the laws of physics. Space
and time function as a kind of reference frame. In other words, time is
independent of any physical object, but it describes the ‘location’ of
objects and events during their existence
45 minutes
• relative time
Influenced by Aristotle, who said that time is measure of change, which
in turn implies that time does not exist when there is no change. Leibniz
and Kant were followers of this viewpoint. Space and time describe
relations among objects
9 0
Perception and structure of time
Sense of time
• Time has an inherent semantic structure, which is one source of
increased complexity.
m i n u t e s
• Timetables and rhythms
• By convention, time has a hierarchical system of granularities
- seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks... (but different calender
systems)
• Time contains natural cycles and re-occurrences.
- regular and relatively predictable: seasons,
- less regular: social cycles like holidays or school breaks or economic
cycles, hurricane season
inter-relation between time and space such as seasons, tides, body,
(island-boat)
• Social discipline
monastery, factory, office, home
• Instruments and devices
sun dial, vcr, satellite broadcast
• Texts
(from May, J. and N. Thrift, 2001. Timespace : geographies of
temporality. Routledge, London)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)