Promoting an EU Agenda for Electromagnetic Processing of Materials

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PROMOTING AN EU AGENDA FOR
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSING
OF MATERIALS
09/02/2018

TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Part 1: Introduction
Heating & cooling accounts for more than half of Europe’s energy consumption and offers significant
reduction potential
3
Electromagnetic processing technologies allow for electrification of industrial heating processes 4
Innovative Projects have already demonstrated the advantages of EP technologies 5
EP technologies offer a significant potential for saving energy and reducing carbon emissions 6
Targeted policy measures can strengthen drivers and remove barriers 7
Part 2: Policy recommendations
Promoting electrification of industrial processes contributes to the goals of the Clean Energy Package 8
Obligations, incentives and additional soft measures promote EP technologies on EU level 9
Targets and strategies for heating & cooling should be explicit on energy savings and emission reductions 10
The EED should recognize Energy savings through the Industrial electrification 11
The Renewable Energy Directive should recognize the substitution of fossil fuels by Renewable electricity 12
Including EP technologies in BAT reference documents facilitates implementation 13
EU Funding will improve EP technologies’ readiness and facilitate their deployment 14
Participation in EU funding decisions raises awareness and can lead to increased support 15
Knowledge Sharing is a key success factor for promoting EP technologies 16
Pilot and demonstrator projects as well as competence networks support capacity building 17
Engage in European industrial leadership initiatives to share efforts for promoting EP technologies 18
Conclusions 19
References 20

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HEATING & COOLING ACCOUNTS FOR MORE THAN HALF OF EUROPE’S
ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND OFFERS SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION POTENTIAL
Background
• The industrial sector accounted for 25.1% of the EU’s final energy consumption in 2013
• Heating & cooling in buildings and industry in the EU in 2012 accounted for 51% of final energy consumption
and 27% of carbon emissions
• Industrial process heating & cooling represents about 63% of the total industry final energy demand
• 90% of industrial thermal processes are powered by conventional fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil
Challenges
• Heating & cooling sector is key to EU’s competitiveness, supply security, international trade position, and jobs
• Export competitiveness is directly affected by high and volatile energy prices
• To fulfil the EU’s climate and energy goals, the heating & cooling sector must significantly reduce its energy
consumption and cut its use of fossil fuels.
• EU average industrial electricity prices are about twice as high as in the USA and Russia, and 20% higher than
in China. Also within the EU though prices vary among Member States due to policies and regulation
Opportunities
• In the period 2001 to 2011 the European industry reduced its energy intensity by 19%
• Industry’s energy consumption could already be reduced by 4-5% in 2030 and 8-10% in 2050 just by
implementing commercially viable and available solutions
• 4 – 10% reduction of industrial energy costs are achievable that pay for themselves in less than 5 years
Sources: EC (2016), EPRI (2017), ETP (2013), ICF (2016)

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES ALLOW FOR
ELECTRIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL HEATING PROCESSES
Electromagnetic processing (EP) is an umbrella term for industrial process
heating systems that use electricity instead of combustible energy carriers.
EP technologies use wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum to heat
mediums instead of heating the air in a furnace by combusting fossil fuels.
Application is possible in manufacturing subsectors, including energy-
intensive production of chemicals, paper, iron & steel as well as of glass,
pottery & building material
EP technologies include:
• Direct & indirect resistance heating
• Infrared heating
• Induction heating
• Dielectric heating
• Electric arc heating
• Electron-beam heating
Sources: EC (2016), EPRI (2017), ETP (2013),
©2018LinnHighTherm©2015HeatProcessingOnline
Direct heating process
Heat is generated by fuel
combustion and transfered to
work piece by convection
Indirect heating process
Heat is generated within work
piece e.g. by induction

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INNOVATIVE PROJECTS HAVE ALREADY DEMONSTRATED THE
ADVANTAGES OF EP TECHNOLOGIES
Induction furnace for ceramic tile production
Application
• Rubber coatings on the steel plate of press moulds need
regular replacement
• Improved replacement and recycling of rubbers and
elastomers
Impact
• 75% energy savings
• Tripling of production output
• Reduction of heating time from four to one hour for 500
kg of steel moulds
• Improved labor conditions due to avoided contamination
of burned elastomers
Carbon infrared oven
Application
• Heating of various materials similar to household
microwave oven
• Homogenous heating of material with up to 7m3 volume
• Also allows heating of plastics, glass, ceramics, cement
Impact
• 70% energy savings
• 50% reduction of heating time
• Allows reduction of process temperature
• Reduction of necessary factory space
© 2017 DecarbHeat
Source: Ecofys/ Leibniz University of Stuttgart/ Adelphi/ Prognos (2017), DecarbEurope (2017)
© 2015-17 Infrared Heating Technologies

EP TECHNOLOGIES OFFER A SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL FOR
SAVING ENERGY AND REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS
EP Technology
Annual Technical Energy
Savings Potential
in Europe
Annual Economic
Energy Savings Potential
in Europe
Annual CO2 Emissions
Reduction Potential
in Europe
Infrared Heating > 100 TWh > 100 TWh > 60 million tones
Induction Heating/Hardening > 200 TWh > 200 TWh ≈ 15 million tones
Induction Melting > 60 TWh > 60 TWh ≈ 8 million tones
Electric Arc Furnace > 20 TWh > 20 TWh ≈ − 8 million tones
Resistance Heating > 200 TWh ≈ 10 TWh ≈ 0 million tones
Full electrification of Europe’s most energy-intensive industries implies:
• 13,7% of annual savings in final energy demand
• 3 – 5,5% reduction of annual CO2-emissions
for the investigated branches in Europe.
Energy saving and carbon reduction potential of EP technologies is confirmed by several research institutes –
including Fraunhofer ISI, EPRI and the Leibniz University of Hannover.
The following table shows an impact analysis of five selected EP technologies conducted by EPRI:
Sources: EPRI (2017), ETP (2013), Eurostat (2017)

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TARGETED POLICY MEASURES CAN STRENGTHEN DRIVERS
AND REMOVE BARRIERS
Drivers of EP technologies
Industry
• Productivity increase
• Lower energy costs
• Lower maintenance
• Avoidance or significant reduction of on-site
emissions
• Better work conditions
• Flexible operation due to rapid start-up times
• Accurate heating effects
Policy
• Facilitate integration of renewables
• Contribute to emission reduction
• Enable large demand side response potential
• Improve competitiveness of industries
• Increase European export value due to export
opportunities of growing EP industry
• Allow replacement of fossil energy carriers in
process heating
Barriers of EP technologies
Industry
• Fuel-based processes are dominating the market
• Most EP technologies are still unknown
• Information from technology providers is not easily
accessible
• Fuel-based installations have not yet reached the
end of their lifetime, creating inherent inertia for
switching
• Industry has aversion to risk and expects new
technologies to be trialed and proven effective
• SME‘s often lack financial and research capacity
• Financial institutions remain reluctant to provide
financial products due to perceived risks
• Some technologies need more maturity still
Policy
• Most policy makers are not familiar with the
potentials of EP technologies
• Differences between EP technologies can require
targeted/different policy measures

PROMOTING ELECTRIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
CONTRIBUTES TO THE GOALS OF THE CLEAN ENERGY PACKAGE
➢ Significant energy savings
➢ Increased output value
➢ Reduction of industrial energy intensity
Energy efficiency
first
A fair deal for
consumers
Global leadership
in renewables
➢ Facilitation of the integration of renewables
➢ Reduction of emissions
➢ Lower energy costs
➢ Higher productivity
➢ Various further process advantages
EU Clean Energy Package Benefits of industrial electrification

OBLIGATIONS, INCENTIVES AND ADDITIONAL SOFT
MEASURES PROMOTE EP TECHNOLOGIES ON EU LEVEL
Policy guidance§
Incentives
Soft measures
➢ Link to explicit targets for energy
saving and emission reduction in EU
Heating & Cooling Strategy.
➢ Recognize energy savings
through electrification in Energy
Efficiency Directive instruments
and implementations (EEO /
alternatives).
➢ Recognize substitution of fossil fuels
by electrification in Renewable
Energy Directive and give further
guidance.
➢ Facilitate implementation through
considering EP technologies in
BAT Reference Documents.
➢ Facilitate deployment of EP
technologies through utilizing
EU funding opportunities.
➢ Increase stakeholder participation
to raise awareness of EP
technologies in EU funding.
➢ Support knowledge sharing by
establishing a competence network.
➢ Demonstrate the potential of EP
technologies through pilot and
demonstrator projects.
➢ Raise awareness through
engagement in industrial
leadership initiatives.

• Specific targets for energy savings and emission reductions in the heating & cooling sector should
be defined on EU and national level
• Strategies for heating & cooling should increase focus on industrial efficiency and be more explicit
on EP technologies
• EU should oblige MS to focus on electrification and to pay special attention to industrial heating and
cooling when evaluating NECPs
TARGETS AND STRATEGIES FOR HEATING & COOLING SHOULD
BE EXPLICIT ON ENERGY SAVINGS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS
In February 2016, the European Commission adopted the first Heating & Cooling Strategy exploring the
issues and challenges in this sector and address them with EU energy policies.
• Concentrates explicitly on housing and decarbonization of building sector
• Industrial part prioritizes waste heat recovery
• Industrial energy efficiency and EP technologies are not in focus
• Underlines need for action at local, regional and national level
• Refers to strategic energy technology plan and horizon 2020
Member States elaborate their own national strategies for heating & cooling in National Energy and Climate
Plans (NECPs).
• First round of NECPs are drafted this year
• MS must update their NECPs after five years, i.e. a draft updated plan is to be submitted to the Commission
for the first time in January 2023 followed by a final updated version in 2024
Source: EC (2016)
§

THE EED SHOULD RECOGNIZE ENERGY SAVINGS THROUGH
THE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRIFICATION
The Energy Efficiency Directive of 2012 is being amended. A stricter and binding energy savings target of 30% to 35% by 2030
will apply in the EU.
In order to reach this target, EU Member States must ensure also post 2020 yearly energy savings
of 1% to 1.5% in annual sales to final consumers (Article 7). Member States can achieve the energy
savings obligation by introducing
• Energy savings obligation (EEO) schemes,
• Alternative measures, or
• A combination of the two.
Alternative measures which are accepted include
• Financial incentives that lead to an increased use of energy efficient technology
• Regulations or voluntary agreements that lead to the increased use of energy efficient technology
• Energy labelling schemes beyond those that are already mandatory under EU law
• Training and education, including energy advisory programs
• Energy or CO2 taxes
Switching industrial thermal processes from combustible fuels to EP technologies implies primary energy savings as well as final
energy savings.
• Energy savings realized through the electrification of industrial thermal processes should be included in the
list of options in Art. 7(2) of the EED
• The 25% limit for energy savings in Art. 7(3) should be increased accordingly (already 35% in Council proposal)
• Guidance to be developed for Member States on how EP technologies can be included in EEO programs
§
EEO Schemes in EU
Member States
In place
To be started soon
None

THE RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTIVE SHOULD RECOGNIZE THE
SUBSTITUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS BY RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY
The Renewable Energy Directive (RED) promotes the generation of renewable energy in the EU. On 18 December
2017, the Council adopted a proposal for a revised Renewable Energy Directive. The European Parliament agreed on
its negotiating mandate for this directive in the beginning of 2018.
Amongst others the RED proposal includes specifications on the mainstreaming of renewable energy for heating
and cooling installations (Article 23). The compromise foresees that Member States are obliged to achieve an one
percent increase of the share of renewable energy in the sector as a yearly average.
According to the DecarbEurope initiative, RED Article 23
• shows a bias towards combustion technologies in the heating & cooling sector, and
• disregards options of replacing fossil fuel-based systems by electricity.
• RED Article 23 should explicitly consider promotion of green electrification in all sectors, including
the substitution of combustion technologies by green electricity in industrial thermal processes
• The proposed approach should be significantly broadened and alternative technology options
should be possible
§

INCLUDING EP TECHNOLOGIES IN BAT REFERENCE
DOCUMENTS FACILITATES IMPLEMENTATION
The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) aims to protect human health and the environment by reducing different
kinds of emissions due to industrial production processes. It is based on five pillars, of which a better application of
Best Available Techniques (BAT) stated in IED Article 13(1) is relevant in the context of EP technologies.
In order to define BATs, the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (EIPPCB) organizes an
exchange of information with experts from Member States, industry and environmental organizations.
This so-called Sevilla Process typically takes from 2 to 5 years and results in the publication of Best Available
Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) for industrial sectors.
• BREFs are to stimulate the exchange of information between Member States and concerned industries
• BREFs provide highly detailed best-practice-guidance with regard to the entire production process
• IED requires that BAT conclusions are the reference for setting permit conditions
Particular BREFs have been published long ago and might not be up to date, e.g.:
2012 – BREF for iron and steel industry
2012 – BREF for glass industry
2007 – BREF for ceramic industry
Further BREFs exist for non-ferrous metals (2017), ferrous metals (2001), energy efficiency (2009), etc.
BREFs should be updated and include process innovation, especially use of EP technologies, based on
renewable electricity
§

EU FUNDING WILL IMPROVE EP TECHNOLOGIES’ READINESS
AND FACILITATE THEIR DEPLOYMENT
The EU’s flagship research and innovation fund is the Horizon 2020 program which aims at securing Europe's global
competitiveness
• About €80 billion of funding available from 2014 to 2020 in addition to private investment
The Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) promotes research and innovation efforts across Europe by
supporting technologies contributing to a low-carbon energy system.
• Energy efficiency technologies for energy-intensive industries is among priorities of the SET-Plan
• Specific funding activities within the range of industrial energy efficiency are summarized in the SET-Plan Action N°6 -
Implementation Plan and due to the SET-Plan Information System (SETIS)
The European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) amongst others provide public support for sustainable energy
investments
• From 2014-2020, €18 billion are allocated to energy efficiency, €6 billion to renewable energy - notably in buildings and
district heating and cooling – and around €1 billion to smart distribution grids
The European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI) supports investment in sustainable energy projects
• Approved energy projects cover energy efficiency and the renewable energy sector
• To benefit from EFSI resources projects need to fulfil European Investment Bank (EIB) due diligence process and
contribute to EU objectives
• Research and innovation funds (e.g. Horizon 2020 and ESIF) can be a tool to raise awareness, increase diffusion
and improve readiness of EP technologies
• Structural funds (e.g. EFSI) can be used to support SME’s financial capabilities for investments in EP technologies

PARTICIPATION IN EU FUNDING DECISIONS RAISES AWARENESS
AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASED SUPPORT
To stimulate stakeholder participation in Horizon 2020 program, 19 Advisory Groups are set up as
consultative bodies representing stakeholders from industry, research and civil society.
There are various options for stakeholder participation in the SET-Plan
• Workshops will be held to share information on program portfolios and project examples with the objective
of further detailing the projects, identifying specific actors and identifying potential funding/financing sources
• Annual SET-Plan conferences, typically held in the last quarter of the year, are open for participation of
decision-makers, stakeholders and researchers
• European Technology Platforms (ETPs) / European Technology and Innovation Platforms (ETIPs) are
industry-led working groups for the development of strategic research and innovation agendas (Membership
is expected to be extended), e.g.
- European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP)
- Manufacture Technology Platform (ManuFuture)
- European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry (SusChem)
- European Technology and Innovation Platform on Renewable Heating & Cooling (RHC-ETIP)
Sources: EC (2018), EP (2017)
• Check possibility for establishing ETP/ETIP for industrial electrification
• Participate in funding decisions due to advisory groups and expert assignments

The lack of awareness among industry representatives and policy makers is identified
as important barrier for an increased implementation of EP technologies.
Knowledge sharing about the feasibility, potentials and benefits of particular
EP applications should therefore be addressed with regard to:
• Technical potential/feasibility of specific EP production process
• Technical potential/feasibility of combining generation/storage/production in a
specific EP production processes
• Potential of combining EP production process with other energy procurement and
service options
• Impact on emission reduction and sustainability
• Options for financing
KNOWLEDGE SHARING IS A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
PROMOTING EP TECHNOLOGIES

PILOT AND DEMONSTRATOR PROJECTS AS WELL AS
COMPETENCE NETWORKS SUPPORT CAPACITY BUILDING
The creation and extension of competence networks can help to spread knowledge of EP technologies
• Many of the applications of EP technologies are possible for SMEs with limited research and financial
capabilities
• Competence building and awareness raising on potential cost savings, productivity gains, revenue streams
(e.g. flexibility), financing options, overall business cases, and inclusion of EP in a holistic company/sector
sustainability roadmap can all facilitate the adoption of EP technologies
• Examples for components of a competence network: E-learning platforms (webinars, slide share), expert
workshops, sustainability roadmaps, best practice guidance
Demonstrator projects can help to gain lessons-learned on operational and economic experience and show
technical reliability of a particular technology
• Relevant for EP technologies that are ready-for-market, however their application to specific processes
needs to be investigated case-by-case
Pilot projects by technology vendors with co-funding from public sources explore practicality of technologies
at a scale relevant to industry
• Relevant for EP technologies that are not yet ready-for-market, such as plasma-arc heating, electron-beam
heating, laser heating or microwave and radiofrequency heating

ENGAGE IN EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP INITIATIVES
TO SHARE EFFORTS FOR PROMOTING EP TECHNOLOGIES
Sustainable Process Industry through Resource and Energy Efficiency (SPIRE)
• Public-Private Partnership dedicated to innovation in resource and energy efficiency enabled by process
industries
• brings together eight industry sectors operating in Europe who have a high dependence on resources in
their production process
• objective is to develop the enabling technologies to reach long term sustainability for Europe in terms of
global competitiveness, ecology and employment.
Sustainable Industry Low Carbon II (SILC II)
• The SILC II initiative (2014-2020) was launched under the Horizon 2020 program with a budget of €20m
• initiative funds decarbonization projects focusing on energy-intensive industries
• supports development of new technologies and their implementation in industrial plants that allows the
production of goods with much lower GHG emissions
• targeted industries include iron & steel, aluminum, copper, cement, glass, pulp, paper, chemicals and
ceramics
Energy Efficiency Industrial Forum (EEIF)
• platform of European industries providing energy-efficient products and services
• member companies invest in developing the energy efficiency market in the EU
Source: ICF (2015)

CONCLUSIONS
• Electromagnetic Processing technologies allow the electrification of fuel-based industrial
processes
• Electrification of industrial processes contributes to the goals of the
Clean Energy Package due to
- Savings of primary energy
- Reduction of carbon emissions
- Facilitation of renewables integration
- Increase of EU industries’ competitiveness
- Enabling huge demand response potential
• The awareness of the advantages of Electromagnetic Processing is low
• Some technologies require further research & innovation investment
• Industries‘ should increase their engagement for promoting Electromagnetic Processing
• Setting up competence networks supports capacity building and technology deployment
• Politicy can provide incentives to facilitate process innovation by
- Recognizing energy savings by electrification within the EEO scheme of the Energy Efficiency Directive
- Providing explicit focus for substitution of fossil fuels by electricity within Renewable Energy Directive
- Defining explicit targets for energy saving and emission reduction in EU Heating & Cooling Strategy

REFERENCES
DecarbEurope (2017). Electromagnetic Processing. Online at: https://issuu.com/revolve-magazine/docs/decarbeurope_2017_report
EC – European Commission (2015). Towards an Integrated Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan: Accelerating the European Energy System
Transformation. Online at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/1_EN_ACT_part1_v8_0.pdf
EC – European Commission (2016). EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling. Online at:
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/1_EN_ACT_part1_v14.pdf
EC – European Commission (2017). SET-Plan Action N°6 – Implementation Plan – Continue efforts to make EU industry less energy intensive
and more competitive, Endorsed 27/09/2017. Online at:
https://setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/set_plan_ee_in_industry_implementation_plan.pdf
Ecofys/ Leibniz University of Stuttgart/ Adelphi/ Prognos (2017). Marktverfügbare Innovationen mit hoher Relevanz für die Energieeffizienz in
der Industrie. Online at: https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Energie/marktverfuegbare-innovationen-mit-hoher-relevanz-fuer-
energieeffizienz-in-der-industrie.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=14
EP – European Parliament (2017). European Technology and Innovation Platforms – At a glance, May 2017. Online at:
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2017/603939/EPRS_ATA(2017)603939_EN.pdf
EPRI – Electrical Power Research Institute (2017). Industrial Electrification Potential Analysis for Electromagnetic Processing of Materials Techs
for Europe. Preliminary project results, 17 November 2017.
ETP – Institute of Electrotechnology (2013). The Scope for Electricity & Carbon Saving in the EU through the use of EPM Technologies. Last
updated: 31 October 2016. Online at: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/resources/511/the-scope-for-electricity-carbon-saving-in-the-eu-
through-th-58171267957ac
Eurostat (2018). Greenhouse gas emission statistics - emission inventories. Online at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Greenhouse_gas_emission_statistics
ICF (2015). Study on energy efficiency and energy saving potential in industry and on possible policy mechanisms. Online at:
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/151201%20DG%20ENER%20Industrial%20EE%20study%20-
%20final%20report_clean_stc.pdf

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EDWIN HAESEN
Associate Director
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edwin.haesen@navigant.com
IZABELA KIELICHOWSKA
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izabela.kielichowska@navigant.com
KATJA DINGES
Managing Consultant
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katja.dinges@navigant.com
HENRIK SCHULT
Consultant
+49 (0)30 29 77 35 79 - 08
henrik.schult@navigant.com

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