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Michael Loso - The Trajectory and Fate of Crevassed Human Waste on Denali
1. Loso SS 7/23/2014
The trajectory and fate
of crevassed
human waste on
Denali
Michael G. Loso, Ph.D.
Katelyn Goodwin, MS
Haley Williams, BS
Rich Johnson, BS
Dustin English, BA
*Alaska Pacific University
Matthias Braun, Ph.D.
*University of Erlangen
Funded by Denali National Park and Preserve
2. Loso SS 7/23/2014
The trajectory and fate
of crevassed
human waste on
Denali
Michael G. Loso, Ph.D.
Katelyn Goodwin, MS
Haley Williams, BS
Rich Johnson, BS
Dustin English, BA
*Alaska Pacific University
Matthias Braun, Ph.D.
*University of Erlangen
Funded by Denali National Park and Preserve
4. Loso SS 7/23/2014
The Problem
Kahiltna Glacier is the busiest “trail” in the Denali National Park wilderness, and it
has the least capacity to degrade human waste
Cumulative waste
burial 1951-2012:
68 metric tons
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Estimatedannualhumanwaste(kg)
Numberofclimbingattempts
Year
5. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Our Questions
• Trajectory
– Where will it emerge?
– When?
• Fate
– Bacterial survival in glacial environments?
– Present in runoff?
• Solutions
– Carbon and cost accounting
– Weighing costs and risks
Burial
Emergence
Accumulation zone
Ablation zone
Equilibrium line
10. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Effects of climatic warming
warmer / less snow
Emergence times shorten by 13-27% in response to a 10% rise (188 m) in ELA
11. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Bacterial survival I: Lab experiments
KatieGoodwinphotos
• 150 day freezer experiments
• Constant 0° C or modest freeze-
thaw
• UV or no UV
• Consistent results: no detectable
microbial mortality
12. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Bacterial survival II: Burial experiment
• One-year waste burial
experiment at base camp
• Still biologically active
13. Loso SS 7/23/2014
A
S2
S1
S3
S4
S5
Camp 1
F5
Figure 4 Top
580000 600000
69600006980000
Clean
Contaminated
Contaminated
Clean
Clean
Contaminated
Pre-season snow
Post-season snow
Feces
Water
CA
S2
S1
S3
S4
S5
Camp 1
F5
W1
Bacterial survival III:
surface exposure
10 m
• fecal coliform and E. coli present in
pee holes near camps
• Improper disposal common on summit
day
• coliform and E. coli present in year old
surface samples from 18,900’ and
base camp
14. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Surface runoff
Contaminated
B
Water6
Water3
Water4
W1
Water1
W2
Water2
W3W4
Water5
Contamination in eastern channel of
Kahiltna River
• E. coli and total coliform
• Higher than drinking water
standards, but safe for
“recreational waters”
• No contaminants elsewhere
• Consistent with findings of
Whiteman et al. (Switzerland, 2005)
15. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Summary of findings
• Present management strategy mostly effective, along
climbing route, in keeping glacier surface clean
• Waste will emerge on glacier surface within decades
• Emergent waste will be intact and biologically active
• Buried waste already contaminates Kahiltna River
• Emergent waste will contaminate surface waters, too
17. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Carbon and cost accounting: 3 options
1. Current Practice
• 1 CMC each
• Crevasse-dumping
• CMC’s flown off from Base Camp
by air taxis
• Most waste remains on mountain
2. Intermediate
• 1 CMC each
• No crevasse-dumping
• Full CMC’s traded at 14,200
Camp for clean ones, flown off by
helicopter
• All waste removed
3. Full Packout
• 2 CMC’s each
• No crevasse-dumping
• All waste carried to Base Camp,
flown off by air taxis
• All waste removed
18. Loso SS 7/23/2014
Carbon and cost
accounting II
• Up-front costs dominated by
purchase of CMCs
• Operating costs dominated
by use (or not) of helicopter
• Up-front emissions
dominated by shipping of
CMCs from Kansas
• Operating emissions
sensitive to use of
helicopter and road-hauling
to wastewater treatment
plant
20. Loso SS 7/23/2014
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
Denali National Park and Preserve
Murie Science and Learning Center
Alaska Pacific University
FIELD ASSISTANCE
NPS mountaineering rangers and patrol members
Jill Michalak
Anthony Arendt
Joanna Young
JT Thomas
LAB AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
Rusty Myers
Jason Geck
Matt Heavner
Paul Brusseau
Chad Hults
Louis Sass
Thanks