ergonomics , also known as human factors is very important in many design fields where system-human interface is unavoidable. it is also important for furniture design system as no one size fits all.this is the second part of the lecture

1. Ergonomics :
an introduction
PART II
Ar. Surashmie Kaalmegh
Associate Professor
BID ,LAD College , Nagpur

2. ERGONOMICS is mainly concerned with working out
measurements, in order to improve the design of
products.
 Example :
 When designing a chair, one of the most important
factors is comfort. This is linked closely to the seating
height. Usually the seating height is calculated by
measuring the most comfortable height for the person
who is going to use the chair. If the chair is to be used
by numerous people (such as in a Doctors waiting
room), it is important to measure the comfortable
seating height of a range of people and then work out
the average height. The average seating height is
then applied to the chair.

6. Symptoms
of bad
posture

7. Results of bad design & poor posture.

8. Bad posture

20. The posture design Mismatch &
corrections .

23. Designing handles:

25. SOLUTION ?

26. Task Lighting
& viewing angles

27. ???
SOLUTION 

28. RECOGNIZE
Power zones & body planes
 The power zone for lifting is close to the
body, between mid-thigh and mid-chest
height. Comparable to the strike zone in
baseball, this zone is where arms and back
can lift the most with the least amount of
effort.

29. Pulling forces
Pushing forces

30.  Pushing is generally preferable to
pulling. Pushing allows the employee
to use large muscle groups and
apply more force to the load. Pulling
carries a greater risk of strain and
injury

31. ACCESSIBILITY

32. SPACE ?????????

34. The seven basic rules of ergonomics :
No. 1.

41. Junior study table

42.  If measuring the comfortable
seating height for a person,
draw an ergonomic person
seated on a chair or a stool
and clearly mark/label the
distance you are trying to find.
'X' is marked on the diagram.
 This diagram displays the
comfortable reaching distance
of a designer. The diagram
was used in a project which
was aimed at designing a
drawing board and adjustable
stand. The reaching distance
is labelled 'A'. It is important
that statistics for this distance
are collected.
An ergonomist designer at work :

43.  This diagram would be suitable
for a designer attempting to
work out the correct height for
the light source of an
adjustable table/reading lamp.
Distance 'B' is marked on the
drawing.
 Distance 'C' represents the
comfortable height for a foot-
stool. The diagram is a simple
ergonomic person, complex
drawings/sketches are not
required .
 designer may need to produce
a diagram that shows
measurements for the hand.
For example, when designing
a handle for a door it would be
necessary to collect ergonomic
information for the two
measurements marked on the
diagram.

44. While coming up with their furniture design,
students should ask themselves the
following questions:
 Where will the furniture be?
 What is the furniture going to do?
 How can the furniture be made ergonomic?
 How can furniture integrate ergonomics with
design?
 What design can be created that will be
attractive?
 What color and construction should be used?

45. Hence research in design :
The outcome of a few….. FUTURE
CHAIRS IN PLANES : )

47. EXAMPLE

48. The ergonomic bed

49. EXAMPLES

52. Ergonomics professionals
include:
 Engineers
 Safety professionals
 Industrial hygienists
 Physical therapists
 Occupational
therapists
 Nurse practitioners
 Chiropractors
 Occupational
physicians

53. The Goals of Ergonomics
 1. Industrial ergonomics
- sometimes called
occupational biomechanics
- is concerned with the
physical aspects of work
such as force, posture,
and repetitive movements.
 2. Human factors
ergonomics looks as the
psychological aspects of
work such as mental stress
and decision-making
The profession of ergonomics has two
main concentrations (which often overlap):

54. The goals of ergonomics include the
following:
 Reduce work-related
injury and illness
 Help contain workers'
compensation costs for
employers
 Improve productivity in
the workplace
 Improve the quality of
work
 Reduce absenteeism
 Help employers comply
with government
regulations regarding
work environments

55. How Ergonomics Improves Work
and Safety
 The association between
work and injury and
illness is centuries old. It
is even thought that
Ancient Man concerned
himself with developing
the right tools that
allowed for the most
efficiency and least
amount of discomfort.

56. Advantages of considering human factors

57. Today, we continue to look for ways to improve the relationship between our "tools" and our
jobs. One way to do that is to look at the risk factors in the workplace. These are divided into 3
1. Physical characteristics of work:
•Force
•Repetition
•Duration
•Recovery time
•Velocity/acceleration
•Posture
•Heavy dynamic exertion
2. Environmental
characteristics of work:
•Segmental vibration
•Heat
•Cold
•Lighting
•Noise
•Whole body vibration
3. Workplace hazards:
•Physical stress
•Mental stress
•Workload
•Hours (shifts, overtime)
•Slips and falls
•Fire
•Exposure hazards
(electrical, chemical,
biological, radiation)

58. THE HUMAN FACTORS
RATIONALE The reasons for
human-factored design becomes obvious
when we use products that don't fit the body
perhaps , e.g.
students’ bookpacks. First, a little discomfort,
then over time the body may adapt
negatively to a posture or movement that
violates good body mechanics. Finally, the
body screams, I can't stand the pain! (and heads
for the doctor's office).
Another example:
The labels on some clothing used to read, 'One
size fits all.
' Today, they say, 'One size fits MOST.'
Why? Because many larger- OR smaller-than-
average folks returned ‘fits all’ items,
complaining that the labels were FALSE!
Where would your self esteem go if something
that said it would fit everyone, was WAY TOO
SMALL or WAY TOO BIG—especially a non-
returnable gift from a friend?!

59.  Designers of spaces for living and
working need to know about the
intended users of those areas AND the
furnishings. People’s physical
characteristics (size, height, hearing
and vision senses) vary widely. Human
mental capacities and skills, plus
emotional states also differ.
 As our bodies change with age,
OTHER differences appear.
 Whether a question of wearable
products that fit their users OR
workers doing repetitive tasks for
hours on Unadjustable machines,
human due to differences DO get
affected by design--and vice
versa.
That is why knowing about this
difference in anthropometrics and
ergonomics is very very
IMPORTANT !!!!!!!!!!!!!

60. References :
 www.icbclaw.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.bodiesrebuilt.com
 www.kiva.org
 www.ezinearticles.com
 www.exportimage.com
 www.buildforlife.com
 www.ergonomics4schools.com
 www.ergonomics.org.uk
 www.designforhumans.com
 www.iienet.org
 www.hemanmiller.com
 www.thehumansolution.com
 www.hf.faa.gov
 www.adistinctiveworld.com
GOT IT
Photo and text credit to all the talented unnamed photographers and authors whose works have been used in this presentation