Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for Nurses- Introduction Related anatomy and physiology Definition of Diabetes Mellitus pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic tests of Diabetes Mellitus Management of Diabetes Mellitus

1. SWATILEKHA DAS
(RN,MSN)

2. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a condition that results from lack of
the hormone insulin in a person's blood, or
when the body has a problem using the insulin
it produces (insulin resistance).

3. BRIEF ANATOMY OF PANCREAS
The pancreas is a long, slender organ, most of
which is located posterior to the bottom half of
the stomach. The pancreas has an endocrine
function. Its pancreatic islets—clusters of cells
formerly known as the islets of Langerhans—
secrete the hormones glucagon, insulin,
somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP).

5. DEFINITION OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic
disorders characterized by elevated levels of
blood glucose(hyperglycemia) resulting from
defects in insulin production & secretion,
decreased cellular response to insulin or both.

7.  Type 1 (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)-
5-10% patients have type 1 diabetes.
 Type 2(formerly Non-Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus)- 90-95% patients have
type 2 diabetes.

9. RISK FACTORS
 Obesity
 Race
 Hypertension
 Physical activity
 Familial history
 Gestational diabetes

10. CLINICAL MANIFSTATIONS
 Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
 Fatigue, weakness, sudden vision changes,
tingling or numbness in hands or feet, dry
skin, sores that heal slowly and recurrent
infection
 Onset of type 1 diabetes may be associated
with nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains
 Increased blood glucose level

11.  DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
 Fasting plasma glucose tolerance test
 Oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)
 Glycosylated Hemoglobin(HbA1c)
 Urinalysis(Glycosuria, Ketone bodies)
 Urine for Protein/microalbuminuria- Dipstick
method

12. MEDICAL TREATMENT
 Type 1- Insulin
 Type 2 – Oral Hypoglycemic agents

13. Type 1

14. Type 2

17. COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

18. PREVENTION
For obese patients especially those with type 2
Diabetes: weight loss is the key to treatment
and the major preventive factor the
development of Diabetes.

20. HEALTH EDUCATION
 Assess learning needs
 Explain surviving skills
 Counseling
 Home care management