CANCER of Cervix- Easy ppt for Nurses easy explanation

1. Cancer of
the Cervix
PRESENTED BY
SWATILEKHA DAS
M.Sc (Medical-Surgical Nursing)
ASST. PROFESSOR

2. CANCER OF THE
CERVIX
Cancer of the cervix is
predominantly squamous cell cancer
and also includes adenocarcinomas.
It is less common than it once was
because of early detection by the
Pap test, but it remains the third
most common reproductive cancer
in women.

3. Risk factors
Risk factors vary from –
 multiple sex partners
 Smoking
 chronic cervical infection
(exposure to human
papillomavirus [HPV])

4. CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS
Cervical cancer is most often
asymptomatic.
When discharge, irregular
bleeding, or pain or bleeding
after sexual intercourse occurs,
the disease may be advanced.
Vaginal discharge gradually
increases in amount, becomes
watery, and finally is dark and
foul smelling because of
necrosis and infection of the
tumor.
Bleeding occurs at irregular
intervals between periods or
after menopause, may be slight
(enough to spot
undergarments), and is usually
noted after mild trauma
(intercourse, douching, or
defecation).
As disease continues, bleeding
may persist and increase.
Leg pain, dysuria, rectal
bleeding, and edema of the
extremities signal advanced
disease.
Nerve involvement, producing
excruciating pain in the back
and legs
Extreme emaciation and
anemia, often with fever due to
secondary infection and
abscesses in the ulcerating
mass, and fistula formation
may occur in the final stage.

5. Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
 Pap smear and biopsy results show severe dysplasia, high-
grade epithelial lesion (HGSIL), or carcinoma in situ.
 Other tests may include x-rays, laboratory tests, special
examinations (eg, punch biopsy and colposcopy), dilation
and curettage (D & C), CT scan, MRI, IV urography,
cystography, PET, and barium x-ray studies.

6. Management
 Disease may be staged (usually TNM system) to
estimate the extent of the disease so that
treatment can be planned more specifically and
prognosis.
 Conservative treatments include monitoring,
cryotherapy (freezing with nitrous oxide), laser
therapy, loop electrosurgical excision procedure
(LEEP), or conization (removing a cone-shaped
portion of cervix).
 Simple hysterectomy if preinvasive cervical cancer
(carcinoma in situ) occurs when a woman has
completed child-bearing. Radical trachelectomy is
an alternative to hysterectomy.
 For invasive cancer, surgery, radiation (external
beam or brachytherapy), platinum-based agents,
or a combination of these approaches may be
used.
 For recurrent cancer, pelvic exenteration is
considered.