Iot m2m

Department of Computer science
& Applications
Internet Of Things
G.S.Ramireddy, M.Sc
Lecture in Computers
Govt Degree College,
Ravulapalem

Introduction to Internet of Things
Architectures and Protocols
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Outline
IoT overview
From M2M to IoT
IoT Architecture
4
5
IoT Standards
IoT Protocols
IoT Platforms
8
An Example: MQTT
July 31, 2017 3 / 57

IoT overview
IoT Overview - Definition
 The term ”Internet of Things” (IoT) denotes a trend where a large
number of embedded devices employ communication services
offered by the Internet protocols. Many of these devices, often
called ”smart objects, are not directly operated by humans, but
exist as components in buildings or vehicles, or are spread out in the
environment. (The Internet Architecture Board)
 A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling
advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things
based on existing and evolving interoperable information and
communication technologies (ITU)
 The Internet of things (noun): The interconnection via the Internet
of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them
to send and receive data (Oxford Dictionary)
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IoT overview
IoT Overview - Enablers
Ubiquitous Connectivity: Low cost, high speed, and pervasive
network connectivity
Widespread adoption of IPbased networking.
Moores law continues to deliver greater computing power at lower
price points and lower power consumption. Manufacturing advances
allow cutting-edge computing and communications technology to
be incorporated into very small objects
Rise of Cloud Computing and big data analytics.
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IoT overview
IoT Overview - Challenges
Security
Privacy
Interoperability / Standards
Legal, Regulatory and Rights
Emerging Economy and Development Issues
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From M2M to IoT
From M2M to IoT
 In the 1990s, advances in wireless technology
allowed machinetomachine (M2M) enterprise and
industrial solutions to become widespread.
 Many of these early M2M solutions, however, were
based on closed purposebuilt networks and proprietary
or industryspecific standards
 The recent open M2M solutions are usually vertically
centric which mean it serves a particular domain
application (Health, Home, Industrial , etc.)
 The concept of IoT is to build a horizontal layer that
overlap all domains creating one big platform.
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From M2M to IoT
From M2M to IoT
The IoT Horizontal Layer
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From M2M to IoT
From M2M to IoT
A use case example: Stress measurement M2M
solution
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From M2M to IoT
From M2M to IoT
A use case example: Stress measurement IoT
solution
July 31, 2017 10 / 57

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
M
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t
Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
NC
TC
GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
D C : D e v i c e Capabilities
G C : G a t e w a y Capabilities
N C : N e t w o r k Capabilities
TC: Transport Capabilities
G S C : G e n e r i c S u p p o r t Capabilities
S S C : S p e c i fi c S u p p o r t Capabilities
IOTA: IOT Applications
G S E C : G e n e r i c Securi ty Capabilities
S S E C : S p e c i fi c Securi ty Capabilities
S M C : S p e c i fi c M a n a g e m e n t Capabilities
G M C : G e n e r i c M a n a g e m e n t Capabilities
Source: ITU (redrawn)
nter for Computer Technology and Applied M (CTAM) Riyadh, Saudi Arabiares
Dr. Abdullah Alfadhly KACST National Ce Introduction to Internet of Things July 31, 2017 10 / 57

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
M
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Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
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GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
G M C : G e ne r i c M a n a g e m e n t Capabilities
Device Capabilities: Sensing and actuating, sleeping and waking up,
ad-hoc networking, communicating directly or indirectly with upper layers

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
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Layer
Security
Layer
DC
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GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Gateway Capabilities: Multiple interfaces support, protocol conversion,
some of application logic, execution environment

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
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Security
Layer
DC
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GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Network Capabilities: Network connectivity, mobility management, AAA
(authentication, authorization, and accounting)

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
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Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
NC
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GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
G S C : G e ne r i c S u p p o r t Capabilities
Transport Capabilities: Transport services for data and control
information

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
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Layer
Security
Layer
DC
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GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Generic Support Capabilities: Data processing, Data storage, etc.

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
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Layer
Security
Layer
DC
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GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Specific Support Capabilities: Provide different support functions for
different IoT applications

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
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Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
NC
TC
GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
IoT Application: The Internet of things application written by an
IoT developer and executed by the user

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
M
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m
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t
Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
NC
TC
GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Generic Management Capabilities: Device management such as
activation/deactivation and firmware/software upgrades, Network topology
and congestion management

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
NC
TC
GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Specific Management Capabilities: coupled with application-
specific requirements

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
NC
TC
GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Generic Security Capabilities: authorization, authentication,
data confidentiality and integrity protection, privacy protection

IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
Device Layer
Network Layer
Application Support
Layer
Application Layer
IOTA
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Layer
Security
Layer
DC
GC
NC
TC
GSC S S C
GMC
SMC
GSEC
SSEC
Specific Security Capabilities: coupled with application-
specific requirements
Dr. Abdullah Alfadhly KACST National Ce Introduction to Internet of Things July 31, 2017
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IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture - Communication Models
1-Device to Device Model
2-Device to Cloud Model
Source: Internet Society
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IoT Architecture
3-Device to Gateway Model
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IoT Architecture
4-Back End Data Sharing Model
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - Benefits
Reduced deployment and operation costs
) Costeffective products thanks to focused R&D efforts
) Easier application development
) Easier integration between solution components
) Ability to share and reuse infrastructure and field devices
Sustainable investments
) No vendor lockin
) Ability to benefit from further evolutions of the standard as it grows
Improved opportunities
) Ability to share and reuse data across vertical applications
) Ability to interconnect with other IoT/M2M systems
) Fostering of new applications and new business models
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - Overview
Source: Intel
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - Organizations
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
) Constrained RESTful Environments Working Group (CoRE)
) IPv6 over Low power WPAN Working Group (6lowpan)
) Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks Working Group (ROLL)
OneM2M : The purpose and goal of oneM2M is to develop
technical specifications which address the need for a common M2M
Service Layer that can be readily embedded within various hardware
and software.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
) Web of thing Community Group
) Semantic Sensor Net Ontology
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - Organizations
Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information
Standards (OASIS)
) MQTT Technical Committee
Eclipse Paho Project: The scope of the Paho project is to
provide open source implementations of open and standard
messaging protocols that support current and emerging
requirements of IoT
International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)
) Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative (IoT-GSI)
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - Alliances
Allseen Alliance : The AllSeen Alliance is dedicated to the
widespread adoption of products, systems and services that support
the Internet of Things
) AllJoyn Framework: A universal IoT Development Framework
Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF)
) The successor to Open Interconnect Consortium (OIC)
) Provides IoTivity Framework and data models based on RESTful API
Modeling Language (RAML)
) Allseen alliance has recently merged in one alliance with OCF
Open Mobile Alliance (OMA): OMA is the Leading Industry Forum
for Developing Market Driven Interoperable Mobile Service Enablers
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - Alliances
IP Smart Object Alliance (IPSO): A global non-profit organization
serving the various communities seeking to establish the Internet
Protocol as the network for the connection of Smart Objects by
providing coordinated marketing efforts available to the general public
Industrial Internet Consortium: Founded in 2014 to further
development, adoption and wide-spread use of
interconnected machines, intelligent analytics and people at
work
) Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative (IoT-GSI)
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - Semantics
Industry specific groups are in best position to define metadata for
each vertical.
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IoT Standards
IoT Standards - OneM2M
Source: OneM2M
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Overview
Low Power communication protocols : COAP, MQTT, RPL, 6LoWPAN,
802.15.4, Low Power Wide Area Network (3GPP and others)
Source: OneM2M
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Data Communication
Constrained Application Protocol (COAP)
) RESTful protocol design minimizing the complexity of mapping
with HTTP
) Low header overhead and parsing complexity
) URI and content-type support
) Support for the discovery of resources provided by known CoAP services
) Simple subscription for a resource, and resulting push notifications
Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
) invented by IBM in 2000 for telemetry applications using low
power data rates
) enables a publish/subscribe messaging model in an extremely
lightweight way
) requires Small Code footprint and low bandwidth
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Local Network
Communication
IEEE 802.15.4
) IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard which specifies the physical layer and
media access control for low-rate wireless personal area networks
(LR-WPANs).
) It is maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group
) It is the basis for the ZigBee,ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, and MiWi
specifications, each of which further extends the standard by
developing the upper layers which are not defined in IEEE 802.15.4
) it is used with 6LoWPAN and standard Internet protocols to build a
wireless embedded Internet.
Zigbee
) Uses the 802.15.4 standard and operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency
range with 250 kbps
) The maximum number of nodes in the network is 1024 with a range
up to 200 meter. ZigBee can use 128 bit AES encryption.
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Local Network
Communication
Bluetooth Low Energy
) designed and marketed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group
) Different Profiles for Different applications
) Provide the same range as classic bluetooth with considerable low
energy consumption
) the technology used in beacons used to send contextual information
based on locations (Google beacon platform , Google Physical web,
Apple ibeacon)
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Low Power Wide Area
Network (LPWAN)
Weightless is a proposed proprietary open wireless technology
standard for exchanging data between a base station and
thousands of machines around it (using wavelength radio
transmissions in unoccupied TV transmission channels) with high
levels of security.
NB-IoT (Narrow-Band IoT) A technology being standardized
by the 3GPP standards body
LTE-MTC (LTE-Machine Type Communication) -
Standards-based family of technologies supports several
technology categories, such as Cat-1 and CatM1, suitable for the
IoT.
EC-GSM-IoT (Extended Coverage-GSM-IoT) - Enables new
capabilities of existing cellular networks for LPWA (Low Power Wide
Area) IoT applications. EC-GSM-IoT can be activated through new
software deployed over a very large GSM footprint, adding even more
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Low Power Wide Area
Network (LPWAN)
Sigfox is a French company that build Low Power wide network for
connected devices using its proprietary protocol.
LoRaWAN - Network protocol intended for wireless battery operated
Things in regional, national or global network. It is managed by Lora
Alliance.
RPMA (Random phase multiple access) A technology
communication system employing direct-sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) with multiple access.
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
Source: indigoo.com
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
Source: indigoo.com
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Routing Protocols
IPv6 over Low power
Wireless Personal Area
Networks (6LoWPAN)
) An adaption layer for IPv6
over IEEE802.15.4 links
) Operates only in the 2.4
GHz frequency range with
250 kbps transfer rate
Routing Protocol for low
Power and Lossy Networks
(RPL)
) Developed by IETF ROLL
Working Group
) Ideal for N to 1 links
(meters reading)
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IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols - Discovery
Search around me: This
category of discovery
includes technologies that
allow to discover things
around me (in a spatial
sense)
) NFC
) UriBeacon (Formerly
known as Physical Web
from Google)
) iBeacon (from Apple)
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IoT Protocols
Search on my network: It covers technologies enabling discovery
of things on the network.
) mDNS
) SSDP
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IoT Protocols
Searching in a directory:
) A central directory is used
for discovery of things and
resources
) Discovery requests are
sent to the directory
CoRE Resource
Directory
XMPP IoT Discovery
SPARQL Endpoints
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IoT Protocols
Search Across Peers:
) In P2P style discovery, the directory is essentially distributed across the
peers
) Distributed hash tables (DHT) is often used to map the search space
into a numeric range and then allocates servers to parts of that
range
) Observation: the technique works well for scale free networks
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IoT Protocols
Search for Thing Metadata:
) Once a thing” has been
discovered with
mentioned mechanisms
next ”resources”
(thing metadata)
access at thing level
needs to be performed
) Examples
CoAP + CoRE Link
Format (for thing
metadata)
SensorObservation
Service (SOS): it is a
webservice which
allows querying sensor
metadata.
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT - Features
Client Server publish/subscribe messaging transport protocol
Simple to implement
Lightweight and Bandwidth Efficient
small code footprint
Provide a Quality of Service Data Delivery
Data Agnostic
Continuous Session Awareness
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT - Publish and Subscribe Model
Source: HiveMQ.com
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An Example: MQTT
The Pub/Sub model decouples the sender (Publisher) from
the receiver (Subscriber) by a third party called the broker
) Space decoupling: Publisher and subscriber do not need to
know each other (by ip address and port for example)
) Time decoupling: Publisher and subscriber do not need to run at
the same time
) Synchronization decoupling: Operations on both components are
not halted during publish or receiving
The broker filters all incoming messages coming from publishers
and distributes them to subscribers accordingly
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An Example: MQTT
Pub/Sub also provides a greater scalability than the traditional
client-server approach because operations on the broker can be
highly parallelized and processed event-driven
To scale publish/subscribe to millions of connections, cluster of
brokers are used .
The broker filter then forward messages to subscribers based on
three criteria :
) Subject-based filtering
) Content-based filtering
) Type-based filtering
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT Connection
Source: HiveMQ.com
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT Publish and Subscribe
Source: HiveMQ.com
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT Topics
Source: HiveMQ.com
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT Quality of Service (QoS)
Qos is a major feature of MQTT because it handles retransmission
and guarantees the delivery of the message
Mostly used for unreliable networks.
Three levels: 0, 1, and 2.
QoS 0 at most once: A
message wont be acknowledged
by the receiver or stored and
redelivered by the sender. This
is often called fire and forget
and provides the same
guarantee as the underlying
TCP protocol.
Source: HiveMQ.com
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An Example: MQTT
QoS 1 at least once
) When using QoS level 1, it is
guaranteed that amessagewill be
delivered at least once to the
receiver. But the message can also
be delivered more than once.
) The sender will store the message
until it gets an acknowledgement in
form of aPUBACK command
message from the receiver.
) If the PUBACK isnt received in a
reasonable amount of time the sender
will resend the PUBLISH message
Source: HiveMQ.com
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An Example: MQTT
It is the lowest level
If a receiver gets a QoS 2 PUBLISH it will process the message
and send PUBREC message.
When the sender receives the PUBREC it can safely discard the
initial publish, then store the PUBREC and respond with a PUBREL.
After the receiver gets the PUBREL it can discard every stored
state and answer with a PUBCOMP. The same is true when the
sender receives the PUBCOMP.
Source: HiveMQ.com
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT - Simple Expirment
We will use two applications running on your mobile phones. One
acts as a publisher and the other as a subscriber. You can also work
in pairs.
For Android use mymqtt (publisher) and MQTT Dash (subscriber)
applications. Download them from Google play and install them in
your phone
For iphone, go to the website service
http://www.hivemq.com/demos/websocket-client/
First configure the clients with the following minimal parameters :
Address : iot.eclipse.org Port : 1884
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An Example: MQTT
MQTT - Simple Expirment
Use one client to subscribe to the following topic:
kacst/b36/xxxx/temp (xxxx is a random number)
Use the other client to publish a message using the same topic
Publish a different value and make sure it is received by the subscriber
You could also try the wild-card feature
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An Example: MQTT
Summary
 The IoT vision is to build a horizontal layer across
different vertical domains to facilitate data sharing
and enable innovative applications
 The IoT functional architecture includes
from top to bottom application, application
support, network, and device layers.
Management and security span all layers.
 Four IoT communication models: Device to device
, Device to cloud, Device to gateway , and Back
end sharing data models
 The IoT ecosystem has four Business roles :
Device provider, Network provider, Platform
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An Example: MQTT
Summary
New protocols are designed in each functional layer.
OneM2M works to standardize the horizontal layer of the
IoT
Rich metadata is needed to describe things and their actions,
events, and relations
IoT platform is the back end system where the real work is done. It
is composed of different components that facilitate device
management, data storage and processing , events handling, data
analysis, visualization, and API to connect to devices or other
platforms or systems
Finally we describe the publish and subscribe communication
model and how MQTT protocol and why it is suitable for IoT
applications
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