1. DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)
The Fact about:
If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.
Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication
not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

2. Drawings
(Some Types)
Botanical Drawings
( plants, flowers etc.)
Nature Drawings
( landscape,
Geographical
scenery etc.)
Drawings
( maps etc.)
Building Related Drawings.
Orthographic Projections
(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)
Portraits
( human faces,
expressions etc.)
Zoological Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.)
Engineering Drawings,
(projections.)
Machine component Drawings
Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Actual Object Drawing 3-D)

3. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS :
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections

4. PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane
(A.V.P.)
غ
A.V.P.
⊥ to Hp & ∠ to Vp
Auxiliary Inclined Plane
(A.I.P.)
A.I
.P.
⊥t
o V
p
∠ &
to
Hp
θº
Profile Plane
( P.P.)

5. PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
Y
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
X
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PP
VP
Y
FV
LSV
Y
X
X
TV
HP
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900
AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90
AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
0
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
DRAWN IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

6. 3
Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
Third Angle Projections Method
Here views are drawn
by placing object
First Angle Projections Method
Here views are drawn
by placing object
in 3rd Quadrant.
in 1st Quadrant
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y )
(
SYMBOLIC
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND)
ON IT’S BASE.
FV
X
Y
Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
TV
NOTE:HP term is used in 1 Angle method
&
For the same
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
X
st
TV
Y
FV
G
L

7. FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION
FOR T.V.
IN THIS METHOD,
HE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
PP
VP
FV
LSV
Y
X
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
R
FO
.
.V
S
FO
R
F.
V.

8. THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
FOR T.V.
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT
AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X
Y
LSV
FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
OR
F
.
S.V
FO
R
F.
V.

9. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.
FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )
TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1 ST AND 3 RD ANGLE
PROJECTION METHODS
ND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULL
RY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
ERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS

10. FOR T.V.
1
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
R
FO
.
S.V
FO
R
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.
V.
x
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
y
TOP VIEW

11. FOR T.V.
2
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
.V
S
FO
R
X
Y
F.
V.
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
L.H.SIDE VIEW

12. FOR T.V.
3
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
R
FO
.
S.V
FO
R
F.
V.
X
Y
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

13. 4
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
S. V
FO
R
X
Y
F.
V.
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
L.H.SIDE VIEW

14. FOR T.V.
5
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
R
FO
FRONT VIEW
.
.V
S
FO
R
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
F.
V. X
L.H.SIDE VIEW
Y
TOP VIEW

15. 6
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
.V
S
FO
R
X
L.H.SIDE VIEW
Y
F.
V.
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

16. 7
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
FO
R
R
FO
.
.V
S
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.
V.
X
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Y
TOP VIEW

17. STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
8
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
50
X
Y
20
FO
R
25
F.
V.
25
20
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

18. 9
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
X
R
FO
.
S. V
FO
R
Y
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW

19. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
X
L.H.SIDE VIEW
Y
.
S.V
R
FO
R
FO
V.
F.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
10
TOP VIEW

20. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
FO
R
R
FO
X
F.
V.
L.H.SIDE VIEW
Y
.
.V
S
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
11

21. 12
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
X
R
FO
.
S.V
FO
R
Y
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW

22. 13
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
35
FV
35
10
x
20
10
FO
R
O
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
40
70
TV
30
y

23. STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
R
FO
14
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FV
30
10
30
SV
30
10
30
x
.
S. V
FO
R
y
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
TV
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

24. OR
15
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV
SV
y
x
10
.
S.V
FO
R
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
40
40
60
60
TV

25. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV
SV
y
x
10
R
FO
.
.V
S
FO
R
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
40
40
60
60
TOP VIEW

26. 17
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
40
L.H.SIDE VIEW
30 SQUARE
20
50
R
FO
FO
R
.
S. V
F. X
V.
20
10
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Y
30
F.V.
60
S.V.

27. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
18
FV
40
X
O
10
Y
45
30 D
FO
R
O
10
50
80
TV
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

28. 19
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
40
FV
O
X
10
Y
100
10
FO
R
25
TV
10
30 R
20 D
30
10
25
O
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

29. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10
50
35
10
X
20 D
FO
R
F.
V.
TV
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
O
Y
20

30. 21
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10
25
15
25
40
10
25
R
FO
FO
R
.
S.V
O
F.
V.
O
25
80
F.V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
25
S.V.

31. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
450
30
FV
40
X
FO
R
Y
30 D
F.
V.
TV
40
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
40
15
22

32. 23
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FO
R
R
FO
HEX PART
F.
V.
30
20
20
.
S.V
40
O
20
50
20
15
O
30
60
100
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW

33. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
24
40
20
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X
Y
O
10
FO
R
30
F.
V.
10
30
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
80
T.V.
TOP VIEW

34. 25
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10
10
15
25
25
X
Y
O
50
FV
LSV
10
R
FO
.
.V
S
FO
R
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
F.
V.

35. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
26
FO
R
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
F.
V.
30
10
20
20
15
10
R
FO
.
.V
S
15
O
30
15
X
15
Y
50
F.V.
LEFT S.V.