IT ABOUT THE USE OF SPSS SOFTWARE.

1. Variable
Hypothesis
Difference
Relationship
BY M.SULEMAN TARIQ

2.  A variable is defined as a characteristic of the
participants or situation for a given study that
has different values in that study
Morgan et. al (2004)
 Base of Research => Variable
 Gender: Study 1: Variable Study 2: Constant

3.  Types of Hypothesis
◦ Differential Hypothesis
◦ Associational Hypothesis

5.  Dependant Variable
 Independent Variable
 Mediating Variable
 Moderating Variable
A B
A B
C
A B
C

6.  Operationalization is the process of defining
a concept so that it becomes measurable
variable

7. Steps of Operationalization

8. 8

9.  Does the instrument measure things
consistently?
 Ways to establish reliability
◦ Test-retest
◦ Internal consistency for multiple measures for the
same construct
 Cronbach’s alpha (Overall  .70)

10.  .7 = Good
 .8 = Very good, strong
 .9 = or greater -> Excellent

11. Validity = does the
test measure what
its meant to
measure?

14.  Categorical Variable
◦ Nominal Variable
◦ Ordinal Variable
 Scale Variable

15. Gender

16.  Conveys order

17.  Directly Measureable
◦ GPA, Age, Height, Weight, Temperature, Salary, Job
Experience

24.  Instrument Development
 Complete Data Collection
 Coding
 Check and Correct Errors
 Define Variable Name
 Labeling
 Define Different Values
 Set Missing Value (if any)
 Data Entry
 Apply Test-Estimate the Model/Variables

25. Statistics

26. The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and 300mm.

31.  Correlation is Positive when the values increase together, and
 Correlation is Negative when one value decreases as the other
increases