It describes laboratory clinical and management methods for pregnancy diagnosis in ewe and doe.

2. 1-Management methods
This is a sufficiently reliable sign of pregnancy for
most purposes, but subsequent embryonic death will
reduce its accuracy, and 20–30% of pregnant ewes will
show oestrus during early pregnancy
This is a sufficiently reliable sign of pregnancy for
most purposes, but subsequent embryonic death will
reduce its accuracy, and 20–30% of pregnant ewes will
show oestrus during early pregnancy

3. Beyond 100 days of gestation the fetus may be
palpated through the abdominal wall, and
development of the udder is then obvious in
primipara. The best way to ballotte the fetus is to
have the ewe standing normally and to lift the
abdomen repeatedly immediately in front of the
udder; the fetus can be felt to drop on to the
palpating hand.

4. 2-Laboratory methods
A-Vaginal biopsy
The diagnosis depends on the number of layers of vaginal epithelial
cells similar where the stratified squamous epithelium of the vaginal
mucosa is sensitive to the hormonal changes that occur during the
oestrous cycle and pregnancy. By day 26 the typical histological
picture is two parallel rows of epithelial cells with condensed darkly
staining nuclei.
A-Vaginal biopsy
The diagnosis depends on the number of layers of vaginal epithelial
cells similar where the stratified squamous epithelium of the vaginal
mucosa is sensitive to the hormonal changes that occur during the
oestrous cycle and pregnancy. By day 26 the typical histological
picture is two parallel rows of epithelial cells with condensed darkly
staining nuclei.

5. B-Milk and plasma progesterone.
Plasma and milk progesterone values in pregnant sheep 18–22 days
after mating were similar (3.7 ng/ml), whereas in non-pregnant
ewes they were 1 ng/ml.
B-Milk and plasma progesterone.
Plasma and milk progesterone values in pregnant sheep 18–22 days
after mating were similar (3.7 ng/ml), whereas in non-pregnant
ewes they were 1 ng/ml.
C-Rosette inhibition titre (RIT) test.
In ewes which were subsequently found to be pregnant, the factor
‘early pregnancy factor’ (EPF) could be demonstrated as early as 24
hours after mating
C-Rosette inhibition titre (RIT) test.
In ewes which were subsequently found to be pregnant, the factor
‘early pregnancy factor’ (EPF) could be demonstrated as early as 24
hours after mating

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Radiography
Fetuses were detectable from 70 days of gestation.
The overall accuracy of the method in detecting
pregnancy increases with advancing gestation: 52%
between 66 and 95 days to 100% after 96 days.
Radiography
Fetuses were detectable from 70 days of gestation.
The overall accuracy of the method in detecting
pregnancy increases with advancing gestation: 52%
between 66 and 95 days to 100% after 96 days.

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Palpation of caudal uterine artery.
Identification of enlargement of the caudal uterine artery
has been reported as a fairly reliable method of
diagnosing pregnancy; the technique requires patience
and skill. The arteries can be palpated per vaginam as
they run outside the anterior vaginal wall at the 10
o’clock and 2 o’clock positions.
Peritoneoscopy.
Phillipo et al. (1971) obtained 91% accuracy of
pregnancy detection between 17 and 28 days by means
of direct inspection of the uterus and ovaries with a
laparoscope , using general anaesthesia.
Palpation of caudal uterine artery.
Identification of enlargement of the caudal uterine artery
has been reported as a fairly reliable method of
diagnosing pregnancy; the technique requires patience
and skill. The arteries can be palpated per vaginam as
they run outside the anterior vaginal wall at the 10
o’clock and 2 o’clock positions.
Peritoneoscopy.
Phillipo et al. (1971) obtained 91% accuracy of
pregnancy detection between 17 and 28 days by means
of direct inspection of the uterus and ovaries with a
laparoscope , using general anaesthesia.

8. GGooaatt