1. Entrepreneurship
Nur Suhaili Ramli
University of York, UK

2.  Key factor in economic development
 Not understood as part of specific social class
 Not restricted to any certain occupational background
 Positive characteristics
 Organized and manage business undertaking
 Risk for the sake of profit
 Opportunity, makes plan, start business

3.  Identify needs that newcomer community has not had
satisfied
 Low profit margin
 Long working hours
 Chain migration
 Niche business
 Process of globalization
 Important role in disseminating innovative new
products and processes

4.  Various obstacles that prevent to find a job
 Lack of capital
 No access to formal financial sources
 Rotating Credit Association
 Long work hours spent
 Co ethnic employees (solidarity)
 Ethnic market niche (e.g. ethnic products)
 Middle-age male immigrants
 Endogamous marriage (provide help in business)

5.  Start business to take advantage of business opportunity
 Highly educated
 Hold a host-country university degree
 Part of culture in the business
 Contribution to the economy
 Proficient in English
 Industries of mainstream entrepreneurs of the host
country
 Hire host country employees
 Middle-age male immigrants
 Better access to start-up capital
 Integrated in their host country

6.  Determination and commitment
 Premigration entrepreneurial mentality
 Ethnic network
 Ethnic market niche
 Risk management
 Managerial skills
 Innovative ideas
 Government pro-immigrant business programs

7.  Most important factor by Schumpeter. He defines “
such changes in economic life as are not forced upon it
from without but arise by its own initiative, from
within.” (Schumpeter, 1961).

8.  Opportunities in foreign market
 Lack of business aid source in home country ( e.g.
bias)
 Looking better business survival
 Opportunity immigrant entrepreneurs
 International networking and market
 Frustration
 Motivation

9.  United States 42.8 millions
 Russia 12.3 millions
 Germany 10.8 millions
 Saudi Arabia 7.3 millions
 Canada 7.2 millions
 United Kingdom 7 .0 millions
 Spain 6.9 millions
 France 6.7 millions
 Australia 5.5 millions
 India 5.4 millions

10.  India 19.3%
 Poland 14%
 China 10.0%
 Pakistan 6.0%
 Romania 4.9%
 United States 4.8%
 Germany 4.1%
 Ireland 3.7%

11.  Definite job
 High skilled workers been relocated
 Looking for work
 Either with tertiary education or no education
 Family (Accompanied the entrepreneurs)
 Student (Formal tertiary study)
 No reason stated
 Others (working holidays, asylum)

12.  Passenger survey 2007
 Development Prospects Group, UNDP 2009
 The Economist Pocket World in Figures 2013 Edition
 The success factors of necessity immigrant
entrepreneurs: in search of a Model by Elie
Chrysostome, 2010.
 Entrepreneurs because they are immigrants or
immigrants because they are entrepreneurs? A critical
examination of the relationship between the
newcomers and the establishment by Prescott C.
Ensign and Nicholas P.Robinson, 2011