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Early History of Clinical
Psychology
Early History of Clinical
Psychology
Early Views of Mental
Early Views of Mental Illness
Early Views of Mental Illness Illness
• Enlightened Approaches of Hippocrates and Galen
Enlightened Approaches of Hippocrates and Galen
• Witchcraft
Witchcraft
– Malleus maleficarum (1510)
Malleus maleficarum (1510)
• Written by two Dominican priests.
Written by two Dominican priests.
• Became a textbook of the inquisition.
Became a textbook of the inquisition.
• Lead to execution of 200–500 “witches,” 85% of
Lead to execution of 200–500 “witches,” 85% of
whom were girls and women.
whom were girls and women.
– Salem trials (1692)
Salem trials (1692)
• Lead to execution of 5 and imprisonment of 150
Lead to execution of 5 and imprisonment of 150
“witches.”
“witches.”
• Modern scholars suggest role-playing and/or ergot
Modern scholars suggest role-playing and/or ergot
poisoning as explanations.
poisoning as explanations.
Tests and Confessions
Tests and Confessions
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An Early Enlightened
An Early Enlightened View
An Early Enlightened View View
Institutions and Cures
Institutions and Cures
• St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London— Bedlam (1547)
St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London— Bedlam (1547)
– Inmates were chained, whipped, beaten, and poorly-fed.
Inmates were chained, whipped, beaten, and poorly-fed.
– Keepers earned their pay by displaying inmates to public.
Keepers earned their pay by displaying inmates to public.
• Cures
Cures
– ice water
ice water
– whirling
whirling
– purges, emetics
purges, emetics
– bloodletting
bloodletting
Bedlam
Bedlam
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Reformers
Reformers
Phillipe Pinel (1745–1826)
Phillipe Pinel (1745–1826)
Professional Chronology
Professional Chronology
• M.D. from University of Toulouse (1773).
• Moved to Paris where he treated the poor.
• Interest in insanity sparked by the death of a friend who
had been exhibiting symptoms of manic-depression
(1783).
• Influenced by Daquin, who believed insanity to be a
disease that must be understood and treated by the
methods of science.
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Professional Chronology
Professional Chronology (cont’d)
(cont’d)
• Appointed Director of the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris
(1793), where he instituted a series of dramatic
human reforms.
• Continued his reforms as Director of La
Salpêtrière, the Parisian asylum for insane women
(1795–1826).
La Salpêtrière
La Salpêtrière
Victor—the “Wild Boy of
Victor—the “Wild Boy of Aveyron” (~1788–1828)
Aveyron” (~1788–1828)
• Noble savage or incurable idiot?
• Pinel’s assistant, Itard, tried to rehabilitate
Victor, but he was only partially successful.
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Other Reformers
Other Reformers
• Johann Guggenbühl (1816–1863)
Johann Guggenbühl (1816–1863)
– Originated the idea of institutional care for the
Originated the idea of institutional care for the
feebleminded.
feebleminded.
– Treatment based on naturalistic therapy.
Treatment based on naturalistic therapy.
• William Tuke (1732–1822)
William Tuke (1732–1822)
– Patients given freedom, respect and support, good food,
Patients given freedom, respect and support, good food,
recreation, exercise, medical treatment, religious
recreation, exercise, medical treatment, religious
instruction.
instruction.
– Led to establishment of similar institutions in America.
Led to establishment of similar institutions in America.
• Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)
Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)
U. S. Institutions
U. S. Institutions
20th Century
• “In 1949, no state mental hospital set the minimum
standards of operation set by the APA.”
• NIMH and Community Mental Health Center Act (1963).
• Deinstitutionalization policies of the 1970s
Important Modern
Important Modern Developments Developments
• Lightner Witmer (1867–1956)—the founder of
clinical psychology in the U.S.
• Radical Physical and Pharmacological Treatment
– psychosurgery
– coma and convulsive treatments
– psychoactive drugs
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Treating the Insane
Treating the Insane
Philippe Pinel
• “The gloomy and irritable character of maniacs, even
when convalescent, is well known.”
• “The fanciful ideas of melancholics are much more
easily and effectually diverted by moral remedies, and
especially by active employment, than by the best
prepared and applied medicaments.”
• “The amusement which he derived from this liberty
[walking at all hours in a pleasant garden], exercise
and familiar conversation, in which from time to time I
engaged him, gradually induced a state of calmness.”
Pinel Unchaining the
Pinel Unchaining the Inmates Inmates
Lightner Witmer
Lightner Witmer
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Clinical Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Lightner Witmer
• The investigation of the phenomena of mental
development in school children...by means of
statistical and clinical methods.
• A psychological clinic, supplemented by a training
school, for the treatment of school children suffering
from retardation or physical defects.
• The training of students for a new profession—that of
psychological expert in connection with the school
system.
Witmer’s Journal
Witmer’s Journal
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