administration of medicine,types of roots etc

1. Parental administration of
medication
• Prof
Suchitra A
Rati

2. Parental administration of medication
• Administration of medication is one of the
essential part of the nursing person which needs
sound knowledge and practice for prevention of
complications. Strictly 5 rights has to be
fallowed.
Definition- A process of administering the
medication by injection which needs aseptic
technique.
• Often piercing the skin, there is a risk of infection,
it requires certain skills and also proper location
is needed for administration of medication.

3. Method of administration
• Oral administration-[sublingual and buccal ]
• Topical administration-[skin, nasal, eye, ear
instillation, veginal instillation and rectal
instillation]
• Inhalation
• Irrigation-[to irrigate or to wash]
• Parental administration-subcutaneous,
intradermal, intramuscular and intravenous
injections]

4. Standards of medicine administration
• The right medicine [before removing, while
removing and after withdrawn]
• Right dose
• Right client
• Right route
• Right time
• Right documentation

5. Equipment for injections
• Syringe
• Needles
• Syringe-It consists of a cylindrical barrel with
tip designed to fit the hub of a hypodermic
needle and close fitting plunger.
• A syringe is a simple pump consisting of a
plunger that fits tightly in a tube. The plunger
can be pulled and pushed along inside a
cylindrical tube (called a barrel), allowing the
syringe to take in and expel a liquid or gas
through an orifice at the open end of the
tube.

6. • The open end of the syringe may be fitted
with a hypodermic needle, a nozzle, or tubing
to help direct the flow into and out of the
barrel.
• Syringes are often used to administer
injections, insert intravenous drugs into the
bloodstream, apply compounds such as glue
or lubricant, and measure liquids
• The barrel of a syringe is made of plastic or
glass, and usually has graduated marks
indicating the volume of fluid in the syringe,
and is nearly always transparent

7. • Glass syringes may be sterilized in an autoclave.
• However, most modern medical syringes are
plastic with a rubber piston, because this type
seals much better between the piston and the
barrel and because they are cheap enough to
dispose of after being used only once, reducing
the risk of spreading blood-borne diseases.
• Re-use of needles and syringes has caused
spread of diseases, especially HIV and hepatitis
among intravenous drug users.
• Syringes are, however, commonly re-used by
diabetics and this is safe, if the syringe is only
used by one person.[1]

8. Glass syringe

9. Disposal syringe

10. Parts of a Syringe
• A syringe consists of a barrel, plunger, and tip
• Barrel: a hollow cylinder that holds the
medication. It has calibrations
• (markings) on the outer surface.
• Plunger: fits in the barrel and is moved back and
forth. Pulling back on
• the plunger draws medication or air into the
syringe. Pushing in the
• plunger forces air or medication out of the
syringe.
• Tip:the end of the syringe that holds the needle.
The needle slips onto
• the tip or can be twisted and locked in place
(Leur-Lok)

12. Classification of syringe
• Leur lack syringe
• Non leur lock syringe
• Insulin syringe
• Disposal syringe
• Tubex and carpu jet injection
• Luer-Lock fittings are securely joined by means of
a tabbed hub on the female fitting which screws
into threads in a sleeve on the male fitting.
• The Luer-Lock fitting was developed in the
United States by Fairleigh S. Dickinson.

13. • Luer-Slip fittings simply conform to Luer taper
dimensions and are pressed together and held
by friction (they have no threads).
• Luer components are manufactured either
from metal or plastic and are available from
many companies worldwide.

14. Luer-Lock and Luer-Slip

16. Insulin syringe

17. Tubex and carpu jet injection

19. Tubex syringe
• It is a drug pre-filled glass cartridge syringe
with attached sterile needle, which is inserted
in a reusable stainless steel holder (now
plastic).
• The needle protector is removed and is ready
for immediate injection in the administration
of a drug.

20. • The carpuject is a syringe device for the
administration of inject able fluid medication.
• It is designed with a luer-lock device to accept a
sterile hypodermic needle or to be linked directly
to intravenous tubing line. The product can
deliver an intravenous or I
• intramuscular inject by means of a special holder
which attaches to the barrel and plunger the
attaches to the barrel plug.
• Medication is prefilled into the syringe barrel.
When the plug at the end of the barrel is
advanced to the head of the barrel it discharges
and releases the contents through the needle or
into the lumen of the tubing.

21. Hypodermic needle
• (from Greek ὑπο- (under-), and δέρμα (skin)) is a
hollow needle commonly used with a syringe to
inject substances into the body or extract fluids
from it.
• They may also be used to take liquid samples
from the body, for example taking blood from a
vein in venipuncture.
• Large bore hypodermic intervention is especially
useful in catastrophic blood loss or shock.
• A hypodermic needle is used for rapid delivery of
liquids, or when the injected substance cannot be
ingested, either because it would not be
absorbed (as with insulin), or because it would
harm the liver.

22. • Hypodermic needles are normally made from
a stainless-steel or plastic tube through a
process known as tube drawing[stilate] where
the tube is drawn through progressively
smaller dies to make the needle.
• The end is bevelled to create a sharp pointed
tip letting the needle easily penetrate the skin.
• Disposable needles are embedded in a plastic
or aluminum hub that attaches to the syringe
barrel by means of a press-fit or twist-on
fitting.
• These are sometimes referred to as "Luer
Lock" connections, referring to the trademark
Luer-Lok

23. Parts of needle

24. needles

25. • The diameter of the needle is indicated by the
needle gauge .
• Needles in common medical use range from 7
gauge (the largest) to 33 (the smallest) on the
Stubs scale.
• 21-gauge needles are most commonly used for
drawing blood for testing purposes,
• and 16- or 17-gauge needles are most commonly
used for blood donation, as the resulting lower
pressure is less harmful to red blood cells (it also
allows more blood to be collected in a shorter
time).
• Although reusable needles remain useful for
some scientific applications, disposable needles
are far more common in medicine

27. Structure of skin

28. Different angle used for injections

29. Intradermal injections
• are administered into the
dermis, just below the
epidermis.
• The intradermal route has
• the longest absorption time of
all the parenteral routes.
• intradermal injections are
used for
• sensitivity testes, such as
tuberculin and allergy tests,
and local anesthesia.

30. • syringe commonly used for
Intradermal injections
• a tuberculin syringe calibrated
in tenths and hundredths of a
milliliter.
• length of needle is used for ID
injections
• A 1/4" to 1/2"
• gauge needle used for ID
injections
• 26- or 27-gauge needle

31. • the fluid limit for ID
injections
• The dosage given
intradermally is small,
usually less than 0.5 mL
• The angle of
administration for an
intradermal injection
• 5 to 15 degrees.

32. • Selecting site. Usually palmer (inner) forearm or
sub scapular region of the back is selected.
• The site selected should be an easily obtainable
area and relatively free from being rubbed by
clothing.
• Insert needle, bevel up, just under the skin at an
angle of 15 to 20 degrees until the bevel is
covered.
• Continue stabilizing thumb pressure. You should
feel some resistance. If the needle tip moves
freely, you have inserted the needle too deeply.
• At this point, withdraw needle slightly and check
again for resistance.

33. • With free hand, push plunger slowly forward
until the medication is injected and a wheal
appears at the site of the injection.
• The appearance of a wheal indicates that the
medication has entered the area between the
intradermal tissues.
• If a wheal does not appear, withdraw the
needle and repeat the procedure in another
site.
• quickly withdraw it at the same angle that it
was inserted.
• Without applying pressure, quickly cover
injection site with a dry sterile small gauze.

34. subcutaneous injection
• A subcutaneous injection is a shot given into the
fat layer between the skin and muscle.
• Subcutaneous injections are used to give small
amounts and certain kinds of medicine.
• syringe
• Insulin syringe: This holds a maximum of 1 mL of
medicine. The syringe has markings from 10 to
100. The marking at 100 is the same as 1 mL. The
marking at 50 is the same as ½ mL.
• Tuberculin syringe: This syringe holds up to 1 mL
of medicine. It has a needle that is slightly longer
than an insulin syringe. The syringe is marked
every 0.1 mL.

35. Sites for subcutaneous injection
• Abdomen: Uncover abdomen.
• give an injection within the
following area:
• below the waist to just above
the hip bone and from the side
to about 2 inches from the
belly button.
• Avoid the belly button

36. • Thigh: Uncover the entire leg.
Find the area halfway between
the knee and hip and slightly to
the side.
• Gently grasp the area to make
sure you can pinch 1 to 2 inches
of skin.
• Lower back: Uncover the back
from the waist to the top of the
buttocks.
• Imagine a line that runs across
the back just above the crack
between the buttocks.
• An injection may be given below
the waist and above this line. Give
the injection halfway between
the spine and the side.

37. • Upper Arm: Uncover the arm
to the shoulder. Have the
person getting the injection
stand with his hand on his hip.
Stand next to and a little
behind the person. Find the
area halfway between the
elbow and shoulder. Gently
grasp the skin at the back of
the arm between your thumb
and first 2 fingers. You should
be able to grasp 1 to 2 inches
of skin.

38. • the outer aspect of the upper
arm, the abdomen (from
below the costal margin to
the iliac crests), the anterior
aspects of the thigh, the
upper back, and the upper
ventral or dorso gluteal area.
• Avoid sites that are bruised,
tender, hard, swollen,
inflamed, or scarred. These
conditions could affect
absorption or cause
discomfort and injury

39. absorption rates different for SQ sites
• Injections in the abdomen are absorbed most
rapidly
• ones in the arms are absorbed some what
more slowly
• those in the thighs, even more slowly
and
• those in the upper ventral or dorsogluteal
areas have the slowest absorption
• The syringe used for a subcutaneous injection
includes
• a syringe of appropriate volume for the
amount of drug being administered.

40. • length of gauge use for SQ injections
• A 25- to 30-gauge
• length of needle used for SQ injections
• 3/8" to 1" needle can be used.
The 3/8" and 5/8" needles are most
commonly used.
• Choose the needle length based on the
amount of subcutaneous tissue present,
which is based on the patient's body weight
and build.

41. • the fluid limit for SQ injections
• no more than 1 mL of solution is given sub-
cutaneously. Giving larger amounts adds to the
patient's discomfort and may predispose to poor
absorption.
• angles used for administration of Subcutaneous
injections are
• a 45- to 90-degree angle. Choose the angle of
needle insertion based on the amount of
subcutaneous tissue present and the length of
the needle.
• Generally, the shorter, 3/8"needle should be
inserted at a 90-degree angle, and the longer,
5/8" needle is inserted at a 45-degree angle.

42. Intramuscular injections
• Administration of medication into the muscle is
called intramuscular injections
• Intramuscular site location by patient age:
Infants: Vastus lateralis
Toddlers and children: Vastus lateralis or deltoid
Adults: Ventrogluteal or deltoid
• Intramuscular site location by medication type:
• Biological (infants and young children): Vastus
lateralis Biologicals (older children and adults):
Deltoid
Hepatitis B/Rabies, Medications that are known to
be irritating, viscous or oily solutions: Ventrogluteal
and Deltoid

44. location of the ventrogluteal site
• place the palm of your hand over the greater
trochanter, with your fingers facing the
patient's head.
• The right hand is used for the patient's left hip,
or the left hand for the right hip, to identify
landmarks.
• Place the index finger on the anterosuperior
iliac spine and extend the middle finger
dorsally, palpating the iliac crest.
• A triangle is formed, and the injection is given
in the center of the triangle

45. Ventrogluteal Muscle (Hip): Have the person
getting the injection lie on his or her side.
• To find the correct location, place the heel of
your hand on the upper, outer part of the thigh
where it meets the buttocks.
• Point your thumb at the groin and your fingers
toward the person's head.
• Form a V with your fingers by separating your
first finger from the other 3 fingers.
• You will feel the edge of a bone along the tips of
your little and ring fingers.
• The place to give the injection is in the middle of
the V.
• The hip is a good place for an injection for adults
and children older than 7 months.

49. • Dorsogluteal Muscle (buttocks): Expose one side
of the buttocks.
• With an alcohol wipe draw a line from the top of
the crack between the buttocks to the side of the
body.
• Find the middle of that line and go up 3 inches.
From that point, draw another line down and
across the first line, ending about halfway down
the buttock. You should have drawn a cross
• In the upper outer square you will feel a curved
bone. The injection will go in the upper outer
square below the curved bone.
• Do not use this site for infants or children
younger than 3 years old. Their muscles are not
developed enough.

53. Vastus Lateralis Muscle (Thigh):
• Look at thigh and divide it into 3 equal parts.
The middle third is where the injection will go.
• The thigh is a good place to give yourself an
injection because it is easy to see.
• It is also a good spot for children younger
than 3 years old.

58. Deltoid muscle
• It is the recommended site for vaccines for
adults and may be used for children between 1
and 18 years of age for vaccine administration.
• The deltoid muscle is not developed enough in
infants to absorb medication adequately.
• Damage to the radial nerve and artery is a risk
with use of the deltoid site.
• Intramuscular injections into the deltoid
muscle should be limited to 1 mL of solution.

59. • Locate the deltoid muscle by palpating the
lower edge of the acromion process.
• A triangle is formed at the midpoint in line
with the axilla on the lateral aspect of the
upper arm, with the base of the triangle at the
acromion process.

63. IM injection needle length based on site/age:
• Vastus lateralis: 5/8" to 1"
Deltoid (children): 5/8" to 1 1/4"
Deltoid (adults): 5/8" to 1 1/2"
Ventrogluteal (adults): 1 1/2"
gauge needle used for IM injections
• Generally, biological agents and medications
in aqueous solutions should be administered
with a 20- to 25-gauge needle.
Medications in oil-based solutions should be
administered with an 18- to 25-gauge needle.

64. fluid limit for IM injections
• The volume of medication that can be
administered intra-muscularly varies based on
the intended site.
• Generally, 1 to 4 mL is the accepted volume
range, with no more than 1 mL given at the
deltoid site.
• The less-developed muscles of children and
elderly people limit the intramuscular
injection to 1 to 2 mL

65. properly administer an IM injection:
• Administer the intramuscular injection so that
the needle is perpendicular to the patient's
body.
• This should ensure that it is given using an
angle of injection between 72 to 90 degrees

66. • the Z-track technique for IM injections
• it is recommended for all intramuscular
injections to ensure medication does not leak
back along the needle track and into the
subcutaneous tissue
• performance of the Z-track inj
• attach a clean needle to the syringe after the
syringe is filled with the medication to prevent
the injection of any residual medication on the
needle into superficial tissues

67. . Pull the skin down or to one side about 1" (2.5
cm) and hold in this position with the
nondominant hand. Insert the needle and inject
the medication slowly. Withdraw the needle
steadily and release the displaced tissue to allow
it to return to its normal position.

68. Preparing Injections from Ampules and Vials
Equipment/Supplies
• Ampule or vial of medication.
• Syringe and needle or needleless access
device.
• Alcohol prep pad.
• Sharps container.
• Small gauze pad
• optional (for ampoules only).
• Diluents
• normal saline or sterile water (for vials only)

71. Procedure
• Wash hands.
• Connect needle to syringe if not already prepared
in packaging.
Ampule preparation:
• Tap top of ampule with finger to move
medication below neck of ampule.
• Place gauze pad or unwrapped alcohol prep pad
around neck of ampule.
• Snap quickly and firmly away to break at neck of
ampule.
• Hold ampule at an angle or set on flat surface.
• Pick up syringe and remove needle cap.

72. • Insert needle into ampule opening.
• Do not allow needle to touch outside of ampule as the
needle will then be considered contaminated.
• Gently pull back on syringe plunger to aspirate
medication into syringe.
• You may need to tip ampule to obtain all of
medication.
• Keep needle tip below surface of the medication.
• Hold syringe with needle pointing up to express air
bubbles.
• Tap side of syringe to bring bubbles up toward the
needle
• Pull back slightly on plunger, and then expel air.
• Be careful not to eject the medication

76. Vial preparation:
• Remove metal cap on top of vial to expose
rubber seal.
• Cleanse rubber seal with alcohol prep pad.
• Pick up syringe and remove needle cap.
• Draw necessary amount of air into syringe by
pulling back on plunger. The amount of air should
equal the volume of medication needed.
• Place the vial of medication on a flat surface and
insert tip of needle through the center of the
rubber seal. Aim straight down.
• Inject air into vial.

77. • Hold onto plunger and invert vial. Position
vial between thumb and middle fingers on
non-dominant hand.
• Grasp end of syringe and plunger with thumb
and forefinger of dominant hand.
• Position needle tip below the fluid level.
• Allow medication to flow into syringe (air
pressure). Pull back slightly on plunger if
necessary until desired amount is obtained.
• Tap side of syringe to bring bubbles up
toward the needle.
• Pull back slightly on plunger, and then expel
air. Do not eject fluid.

78. • Remove syringe from vial. Change needle
before administration. Needle may be dulled.
• If multi-dose vial, label with date and drug
concentration.
• Dispose of supplies.
• Wash hands. Refer to Hand Washing
procedure.

81. FOR COMBINING MEDICATIONS IN ONE SYRING
USING TWO VIALS
1. Prepare both vials by removing caps and
cleansing tops with separate antimicrobial wipes.
2. Draw air into syringe equal to amount of solution
to be removed from second vial. Inject air into
second vial. Do not withdraw medication at this
time.
3. Draw air into syringe equal to amount of solution
to be removed from first vial and inject it into first
vial.
4. Invert first vial and withdraw ordered amount of
medication with removing syringe.
5. Expel all air bubbles from syringe.
6. Recheck amount of solution and remove syringe
from vial.

83. I V INFUSION
Introduction of large amount of fluids into the
body via veins is called intravenous infusion

84. • Intravenous therapy (IV therapy or iv therapy
in short) is the infusion of liquid substances
directly into a vein.
• The word intravenous simply means "within
vein". Therapies administered intravenously
are often called specialty pharmaceuticals.
• Intravenous therapy may be used to correct
electrolyte imbalances, to deliver medications,
for blood transfusion or as fluid replacement
to correct, for example, dehydration.
Intravenous therapy can also be used for
chemotherapy

85. Infused substances
• Substances that may be infused intravenously
include volume expanders, blood-based products,
blood substitutes, medications and nutrition.
Solution used for administration
• Nutrient solution
• Electrolyte solution
• Alkalizing and acidifying solution [sodium and
sodium bicarbonate solution]
• Blood volume expanders [isotonic, hypotonic or
hypertonic solutions]—electrolyte concentration
• Isotonic soln –extracellular replacement
• Hypotonic and hypertonic sol-prolonged vomiting
or specific electrolyte balance

86. Indication/purposes
• To restore body fluids volume [diarrhea,
vomiting, drainage or hemorrhage]
• To meet basic requirements of nutrients and
minerals
• To supply the body with adequate amount of
fluid and electrolyte [unconsciousness]
• To administer medicine
• To dilute toxins in case of toxemia
• To save patient life
• To administer the medication which are going
to be destroyed by gastric juice

87. The fallowing imp factor for IV infusion
• Condition of vein [collapsed or too small vein]
• Characteristic of tissue [inflammation or
discoloration]
• Purposes and duration of infusion
• The type of IV infusion
• The diagnosis and general condition of patient
• Age of the client
• Mobilization of limb

89. Common sites for IV infusion
• Most common site-basalic and median cubital
vein
• Vein in fore arm-basalic, cephalic vein
• Vein in radial area-radius vein
• Hand-dorsal metacarpel vein
• Thight-femoral and saphenous vein
• Scalp-infant
• Leg-meta tarsal vein,anterior tibial vein

90. Common sites for IV infusion

95. Adverse effects • Pain and invasiveness of
injection
• An injection inherently causes
pain and is medically invasive
• such as in the case of mild or
moderate dehydration
treatment in which oral
rehydration therapy is an
option,
• In particular, children in
emergency departments being
treated for dehydration have
better outcomes with oral
treatment because it does not
cause the pain or risk the
complications of an injection.

96. • Infection
• Any break in the skin carries a
risk of infection.
• Although IV insertion is an
aseptic procedure, skin-dwelling
organisms such as Coagulase-
negative staphylococcus or
Candida albicans may enter
through the insertion site
around the catheter, or bacteria
may be accidentally introduced
inside the catheter from
contaminated equipment.
• Moisture introduced to
unprotected IV sites through
washing or bathing substantially
increases the infection risks.

97. • Infection of IV sites is usually
local, causing easily visible
swelling, redness, and fever.
• If bacteria do not remain in one
area but spread through the
bloodstream, the infection is
called septicemia and can be
rapid and life-threatening.
• An infected central IV poses a
higher risk of septicemia, as it
can deliver bacteria directly into
the central circulation.

98. • Phlebitis
• Phlebitis is inflammation of a
vein that may be caused by
infection, the mere presence
of a foreign body (the IV
catheter) or the fluids or
medication being given.
• Symptoms are warmth,
swelling, pain, and redness
around the vein.
• The IV device must be
removed and if necessary re-
inserted into another
extremity.

99. • Infiltration / Extravasations
• Infiltration occurs when an IV
fluid or medication accidentally
enters the surrounding tissue
rather than the vein.
• It may occur when the vein itself
ruptures (the elderly are
particularly prone to fragile veins
due to a paucity of supporting
tissues), ).
• Infiltration is characterized by
coolness and pallor to the skin as
well as localized swelling or
edema.

100. • It is treated by removing
the intravenous access
device and elevating the
affected limb so that the
collected fluids can drain
away.
• Infiltration is one of the
most common adverse
effects of IV therapy[
• and is usually not serious
unless the infiltrated fluid
is a medication damaging
to the surrounding tissue,

101. • Fluid overload
• This occurs when fluids are
given at a higher rate or in
a larger volume than the
system can absorb or
excrete.
• Possible consequences
include hypertension,
heart failure, and
pulmonary edema

104. • Hypothermia
• The human body is at risk of accidentally
induced hypothermia when large amounts of
cold fluids are infused.
• Rapid temperature changes in the heart may
precipitate ventricular fibrillation.
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Administering a too-dilute or too-
concentrated solution can disrupt the
patient's balance of sodium, potassium,
magnesium, and other electrolytes.
• Hospital patients usually receive blood tests
to monitor these levels.

105. • Embolism
• A blood clot or other solid
mass, as well as an air bubble,
can be delivered into the
circulation through an IV and
end up blocking a vessel; this is
called embolism.
• Peripheral IVs have a low risk
of embolism, since large solid
masses cannot travel through a
narrow catheter, and it is nearly
impossible to inject air through
a peripheral IV at a dangerous
rate. The risk is greater with a
central IV.

106. • Air bubbles of less than 30
microliters are thought to
dissolve into the circulation
harmlessly.
• A larger amount of air, if
delivered all at once, can
cause life-threatening
damage to pulmonary
circulation, or, if extremely
large (3-8 milliliters per
kilogram of body weight), can
stop the heart.

108. Equipments for IV infusion
• Iv solution and tubing[solution, iv connector, volume
control devices---male adopter,2 way,3 way cannual or
heparin lock]
• Needle or catheter
• Antiseptic swab
• Tourniquet
• Gloves
• Arm board
• specimen bottle
• Disposal syringe
• Cotton swap
• Transparent plaster
• IV fixation plaster
• IV stand

110. IV needle or catheter

111. Vaso fix

112. 2 or 3 way adopter

113. Heparin lock

114. Fixing of IV line

115. Method of administration of
medicine in main IV infusion
• IV bolus
• Volume controlled infusion
• Piggyback iv administration
• Intermittent venous access

116. IV BOLUS • Administering medicine
into existing IV line through
port or through heparin
lock
• Only small amount of
medicine required
• Chances of irritation
• Make sure the placement
of vein before
administration

117. Volume controlled infusion
• Administering small
amount of medication
from primary iv fluid bag
• If medicine or
incompatible to fluids
• The container connects
directly into primary iv line
or connect to a separate
tubing that tubes insert
primary iv tube

119. Advantages of volume controlled infusion
• Reduces risk of rapid dose of infusion
• Drugs which are incompatible with primary
drug
• Administering antibiotic
• Allow control of iv fluid volume
volume control administration sets are
small ,the containers are attached just below
the primary infusion bag

120. Piggyback IV infusion
• An IV piggyback is a very
small bag of IV fluids that is
piggybacked or attached
into an existing IV line.
• In most cases, the
piggyback medication is an
antibiotic, although steroids
or minerals may also be
administered this way.

121. • These small IV bags containing 50 to 150 cc (or ml)
of fluid are attached to a length of clear, plastic
intravenous tubing known as secondary tubing to
differentiate it from the primary tubing of the
established IV line.
• The terminal end of the secondary tubing is then
attached to the primary IV tubing at a port in close
proximity to the IV cannula insertion site.
• Medical advantages of using an IV piggyback
include nursing care and maintenance of only one
IV site as opposed to two or more and decreased
risk of infection or complication with a single, as
opposed to multiple, intravenous sites.

122. Intermittent venous access
• An intermittent infusion is a
method of administering a
medication mixed in a small
amount of IV solution,such as
50 ml or 100 ml.
• The drug is administered at
regular intervals, such as every
4 hours, with the drug being
infused for a short period of
time such as 30 to 60 minutes.

123. • Intermittent lock [heparin lock, sterile
injection cap, saline lock]is iv infusion device
with special connector called male adopter.
Advantages
• Increased mobility, safety, comfort of client
• Convenience for monitoring flow rate
• Cost saving
after administration the adopter should be
flushed with saline to avoid blood clot

124. GENARAL INSTRUCTION
• Fallow aseptic technique
• Only written prescription are administered
• Maintain specification of flow[avoid circulatory
over load]
• Watch the patient constantly for any unfavorable
symptom
• Solution specially hypotonic, isotonic are used
carefully
• When electrolytes are used [potassium] flow rate
should be very slow
• Check expiry date of fluid before administering

125. Imp observations are made
• Flow rate and dislodgement of needle
• Signs of circulatory overload
• Site of needle
• Fluid level in bottle
• IV patency
• Blood circulation in infusion site
• Intake and out put chart
• Allergy reaction for iv infusion
• Never allow bottle to get empty

126. • Shake fluid and look for suspended articles in
fluid
• Make sure that drip set is sterile
• Iv should be given soon ofter blood
transfusion
• Immobilize the joints
• Frequent observation
• Keep patient warm and comfortable
• Check for any air bubble in infusion set.

135. IV CANUULA DRESINGS

137. ARM BOARD