Syntax: LANE 334

1. Subordination Nora Alharbi

2. It is possible to have more than one S node in a sentence. The example , the cat which is lying on the mat loves dogs, consists of a MAIN CLAUSE (S1) (the cat loves dogs) and a SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (S2) (which is lying on the mat ) A clause may exists alone or it may join up with other clauses as in the example: (the cat which is lying on the mat loves dogs) Nora Alharbi

3. Subordination Most of our example sentences consisted of one clause. (1) Kate hugged the baby. (2)The dog found a bone. Nora Alharbi

4. We can, of course, take the same subject and say different things about it in different sentences. (3) The cat is mad. (4) The cat loves dogs. Alternatively we can join the clauses together to form one sentence . By subordinating one clause to another (5) The cat that is mad loves dogs. Nora Alharbi

5. In example (5) the cat loves dogs becomes the main clause; that is mad is the subordinate clause introduced by a Subordinator, the relative pronoun that. These two clauses do not carry equal weight or importance: the subordinate clause is often less important than the main clause. Alternatively we could subordinate the cat is mad. toThe cat loves dogs . The cat that loves dogs is mad Nora Alharbi

6. The cat that loves dogs is mad. In this example, the assertion the cat loves dogs has become less important than the assertion the cat is mad. In other words, the cat is mad, has become the main clause and the cat loves dogshas become the subordinate clause. Nora Alharbi

7. Nora Alharbi

8. - Relative clause The cat that loves dogs is mad - A Relative clause modifies the head noun of a noun phrase. - The whole unit (the cat that loves dog) is a noun phrase, Functioning as one constituent by substituting the pronoun it . Function : The cat that loves dogs ismad S psC Nora Alharbi

9. - Subordinate clause (that loves the dog) is Embedded in the main clause (the cat is mad) S1 NP VP DET N1 V NP N S2 N The cat that is mad loves dogs Nora Alharbi

10. Another way of showing embedding is by the use of square brackets.1- {s1 the cat{s2 that is mad} loves dogs Function: {The cat that is mad } lovesdogs SPdO Nora Alharbi

11. Adverbial clause Subordinate adverbial clauses add information in relation to manner , time , place and so on. For example: (15) I will give you the next cluewhenyou are ready . All adverbial clauses begin with a subordinator . In example (15)the subordinator is when. Nora Alharbi

12. Adverbial clause Another example: (16)We must be careful becausethere is a ghost. In this example the adverbial clause begin with a subordinator because. There is no option to omit the subordinator in adverbial clauses . The function of subordinate adverbial clauses is adverbial. Iwill give youthe next clue when you are ready S Pi O d O A Nora Alharbi

13. Noun clause In some cases it is possible for clauses rather than phrases to function as subjects or objects. These types of clause are called noun clauses. For example: How he deals with the deficit is grossly important The subordinate clause is the subject, How he deals with the deficit isgrossly important SPSC Nora Alharbi

14. (2) I know (that) they like me the subordinate clause is the direct object of a transitive verb, Iknowthey like me SPdO Nora Alharbi

15. Complement Clause Subject complement A subordinate clause can also appear with an intensive verb and function as the subject complement. For example: The most important thingisthat you’re happy SPsC Nora Alharbi

16. Non-finite verbs Finite Clauses: that is clause where the verbs carry tense.There are occasions when NON- FINITE or untensed verb can appear in subordinate clauses. The form of non – finite verbs is either:to+ infinitivefor example  (40)She wants to hold the baby. Nora Alharbi

17. Bare infinitive (that is infinitive without to) For example  (41)She made him hold the baby. Or the –ing participle For example  (42) She left him holding the baby. And –en participle : for exampleBored by the baby, she left Nora Alharbi

18. Post-modifier Like relative clauses, non-finite clauses can function as post-modifiers to head nouns. For example: [ The letter [ for you to type ] is on your desk ] The form of this non-finite verb is to + infinitive (to type) and by post-modifying letter, it forms part of the subject NP. Nora Alharbi

19. We can analyse this as follows: Nora Alharbi

20. As with the other noun post-modifiers (pp and relative clause) we are arguing that letter for you to type is an constituent. Head nouns can also be post-modifiers by the -ing and –en participles. For example: The cat lying on the doorstep is asleep Those books scattered over the floor are yours Nora Alharbi

21. Adverbial Non-finite clauses can also function as adverbials. For example, -ing participle: S1 VPNPS2 NP VgpPRO [trans] AUX V DET N TENSE Whistling cheerfully he (past) typed the letters Whistling cheerfully he typed the letters AS PdO Nora Alharbi

22. Subject Like clauses non-finite clauses can also appear as subject: Going to parties isfun S PsC Nora Alharbi

23. DIRECT OBJECT Non-finite clauses, like noun clauses, can also function as direct objects Shewantsto hold the baby SPdO Nora Alharbi

24. Thank you Nora Amer Alharbi Nora Alharbi